Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) 1: For
all
courses, how can I most easily use this website?
For all classes, the keys to easily using our website are to have
a positive attitude toward our website and to use Control + F -- and
the table of contents below -- to search for key words or phrases in
our website. I have tried to put the most important questions and
answers toward the top of the website, to minimize the scrolling you
have to do. Using Control + F minimizes scrolling, too. Avoid printing
out the website, for these reasons: 1) the website is over 225 pages
long in Font size 12; 2) much or even most of the website will be
irrelevant to your work in the course, since most of the website
consists of quotations you can use in your paper; but there is only one
paper due and there are about 7 topics with up to 147 quotes on each
topic; 3) importantly, relying on one printout means you miss all
updates after you print out the website; 4) printing out the website,
especially more than once to get updates, is environmentally wasteful
of paper; 5) most importantly, a printout can't give you the crucial
Control + F window to search the website with pushbutton ease; and 6)
the pages of your printout might not be numbered (since the website
lacks page numbers) and so the printout may be hard to organize. Avoid
being intimidated by the size of our website, since every part of our
website is designed to help students. So having a large website is like
having a large friend or a large library. Besides, you don't let the
large size of the library on campus intimidate you; you see that as a
great resource due to its large size. The same applies here. Anyway,
whatever your attitude, you can read the table of contents below (29
FAQs) to find what you want in fewer than 5 minutes and you can search
this website with pushbutton ease for key words or phrases by holding
down the Control key and then hitting the F key. A window will then
appear and then you should type in the word or phrase for which you
wish to search. If that fails, simply use the table of contents below
to find your way around this website. Scroll to the FAQ that gives you
the answer you seek or simply use Control + F to search for the FAQ.
It's pushbutton easy and as easy as reading the TV Guide or a comic
book. Indeed, in some ways it is easier to read than a comic book,
since you won't be distracted by pictures and since the font is typed
and thus easier to read than a comic book's handwritten font.
TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR THIS WEBSITE
Here is the absolutely crucially important table of contents for the
website:
FAQ1: For all courses, how can I most easily use this website?
FAQ2: For all courses, what is Dr. Harwood's contact info and when did
Dr. Harwood last revise this website, and what were his latest
revisions?
FAQ3: What are the syllabi (greensheets) for Dr. Harwood's Fall 2011 PHIL 060 Tu/Th course, PHIL 060 M/W course, and PHIL 010 M/W course?
FAQ4: What are a few fascinating quotes to
consider putting into any relevant paper topic?
FAQ5: For all courses, what are Dr. Harwood's
CRUCIALLY important
Guidelines A-Z for Creating & Grading Papers & Presentations?
FAQ6: For all courses, what is a good sample paper for us to read to
help us write our term paper in ABC format?
FAQ7: For all courses, what is the required ABC format for organizing
papers (unless otherwise stated on the greensheet or syllabus)?
FAQ8: For all courses, what are the 5 moral
principles we should use AS OFTEN AS POSSIBLE if we write on any moral
or political topic such as affirmative action, gun control, capital
punishment, gay marriage, gays in the military, abortion,
euthanasia, prostitution, or surrogate motherhood, legalizing drugs, legalizing homosexuality?
FAQ9: For all courses, what are the 7 truth tips we should try to use
to discover truth generally and try to use in section C of our ABC sets
in our term papers?
FAQ10: For all courses, what are 33 fallacies to avoid committing and
to expose and disagree with when others commit them?
FAQ11: For all courses, what is Dr. Harwood's introductory lecture in
philosophy?
FAQ12: For all courses, what are some arguments on euthanasia (mercy
killing) that students have the option of evaluating in a paper?
FAQ13: For PHIL 10 Fall 2011 M&W,
what is the list of eligible quiz questions so far?
FAQ14: For all classes, what are 185
quotations on human
nature that students may choose from to use in the A sections of their
papers to evaluate (and in the C sections of their papers to help them
evaluate quotations in their A sections)?
FAQ15: For all courses, what are some arguments on gun control that
students may use in a paper on gun control?
FAQ16: For all courses, what are some affirmative action quotes
students may use in a paper on affirmative action?
FAQ17: For all courses, what are some quotations on
prostitution
students may use in a paper about whether or not to legalize
prostitution?
FAQ18: For all courses, what are some quotes on the Baby M/Surrogate
Motherhood case which students can use in a paper about surrogate
motherhood?
FAQ19: For all courses, what are up to 100 (or more)
miscellaneous, assorted
quotes we may choose from to use in any approved paper topic for which
they are relevant (ask Dr. Harwood if there is any doubt about their
relevance for an approved paper topic and note that your paper must be
on only one of the approved paper topics; avoid combining paper topics)?
FAQ20: For all courses, what are some arguments on capital
punishment
that students may use in a paper on capital punishment?
FAQ21: What are a few fantastic quotes to consider using as A-sections
in any relevant term paper topic?
FAQ22: For all courses (except those excluded below), how may
we view
videos and earn extra credit on our exams, quizzes & tests (40% of
your course grade at EVC & SJCC)?
FAQ23: For PHIL 10 and PHIL 60 students only, what are some quotes on
rationalism versus empiricism that students may use in a paper on
rationalism versus empiricism?
FAQ24: For all courses, what quotes show that the Golden Rule is
accepted in at least 8 different cultures or religions?
FAQ25: For all courses, what guidelines should I follow to make email
communication with Dr. Harwood most helpful to all concerned?
FAQ26: For all courses, how can I rewrite my paper to try to get a
higher grade?
FAQ27: What are the 8 requirements for earning 3 extra credit points
for every American War up to a maximum of 21 points?
FAQ28: For all courses, how can we get our work back after the course
is over?
FAQ29: For all courses, what is Dr. Harwood's essay published as "Is
Inheritance Immoral?" chapter 44 in Louis P. Pojman's book Political
Philosophy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002)?
FAQ30: For all classes, how can students earn up to 15 extra credit
points on an approximately 30-foot bronze and white marble statue of
Confucius?
FAQ31: For all classes, what videos have we seen in class so far?
FAQ32: For all classes, what are some pros and cons of capital
punishment?
FAQ33: For all classes, what are some pros and cons of moral relativism?
FAQ34: For all classes, what are some pros and cons of affirmative
action?
FAQ35: For all classes, what is Dr. Harwood's overview of Philosophy of
Religion?
FAQ36: What are a few statistics to consider using in some C-sections
of relevant term paper topics?
FAQ37: For all classes, what
are top
10 quotes from Plato that students can use in the A-sections of a term
paper they write on Plato?
FAQ38: For all classes, what are the
top 10 quotes from Aristotle that students can use in the A-sections of
a term paper they write on Aristotle (or pitting Aristotle against
another thinker)?
FAQ39: What are 7 possible contradictions
in
Buddhism?
FAQ40: For all courses, what are more than 20 quotations by or about
Confucius (551-479 BC) that
students may use in the A-sections (and the C sections) of a term paper?
FAQ41: For all courses, what are some quotations on the paper
topic of
legalizing
currently illegal drugs that students may use in the A-sections (and
C-sections) of their papers?
FAQ42: For all courses, what is Chief Seattle's emotionally
gut-wrenching letter on environmentalism?
FAQ43: For all courses, what are the top 10 quotes of Immanuel Kant
(1724-1804) to consider
using in the A-sections of a paper on Kant (or pitting Kant
against
another thinker)?
FAQ44: For all courses, what's the weirdest thing
that Dr. Harwood thinks just might
surprise us by being true, and/or what's the most unlikely conspiracy
theory that
Dr.
Harwood thinks still rewards investigation, and/or what are 23 reasons
to start questioning President Richard
Nixon's claim that all 6 landings of humans on the moon in history
occurred 1969-1972 during the first term of Nixon's shortened
presidency?
FAQ45: For all courses, what are 57 abortion quotes students may use in the A-sections of their term papers (and in the C-sections of their term papers, where any quote properly cited may be used) if they choose the option of writing on abortion?
FAQ46:: For PHIL 65 Spring 2011 @ EVC, what is the test bank (list of all questions eligible for all regular -- that is, non-extra-credit-- tests, exams and quizzes, including the final exam)?********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
FAQ2: For all courses, what is Dr.
Harwood's contact info, when did Dr.
Harwood this website, and what were his revisions?
Here's Dr. Harwood's contact info:
Dr. Harwood's email = svharwood1@aol.com
phones = 408-259-7777, cell 687-8199
fax = 408-538-9894
mailing address =
Dr. Sterling Harwood, Esq.
Law Office of Sterling Harwood
5445 Alum Rock Ave.
San Jose, CA 95127-2613
USA
Dr. Harwood (Dr. H, for short) last revised this website
on 11/13/2011
when he:
1) added more test bank questions for PHIL 60 to the answer to FAQ2 below; and
2) reminded students that he posted as the answer to FAQ 13 the first set of eligible quiz questions for PHIL 10 and posted the first set of eligible quiz questions for PHIL 60 (both sections, M/W and Tu/Th) here:
* * * WITH PARTIAL KEY
* * *
PHIL 60
Fall 2011 Test Bank part 1; Dr. Sterling Harwood
I have
answered at least some of the following questions in class or on
www.sterlingharwood.com, so you can unofficially grade your own tests
and get
faster feedback. We use scantrons for the final exam but all
other
exams/tests/quizzes must be on 5”x8” index cards.
Answers submitted on
anything but 5”x8” cards will be refused except for final
exam answers on scantron
form 882 (or 882ES).
Abbreviations
& Clarifications: Note that ‘some’ means “at
least one” and does not mean
“only some.” Note also that ‘L’ means
libertarianism, ‘E’ means
egalitarianism, ‘U’ means utilitarianism, and “Dr.
H” means “Dr. Sterling
Harwood.” ‘Sagan’ means “Carl
Sagan,” the author of one of our required
textbooks.
1.
Dr. H said in class
that in the
"About the Author" section found in the hardback edition of Sagan's
book (but usually omitted from the paperback) is this claim: "As a
community
of scholars, we acknowledge with admiration his relentless pursuit of
the
really big question ... and the twin philosophies by which he lives and
teaches: that 'Science is never finished' and that 'We make our world
significant by the courage of our questions and the depth of our
answers.'"; END 1
2.
In Ch.1, Carl Sagan
says the
evidence for channeling is crummy.T; END 2
3.
In Ch.1 of Sagan,
Albert Einstein
says “All our science, measured against reality, is primitive and
childlike –
and yet it is the most precious thing we have.”T; END 3
4.
In Ch.1, Sagan says
Plato
reported the story of Atlantis as hearsay coming down to him from
remote ages.T;
END 4
5.
In Ch.1, Sagan says
there are
hundreds of books about Atlantis.T; END 5
6.
In Ch.1, Sagan says
that Atlantis
is the mythical continent that is said to have existed something like
10,000
years ago in the Atlantic Ocean (or somewhere; a recent book locates it
in
Antarctica).T; END 6
7.
In Ch.1, Sagan says
the story of
Atlantis goes back to Plato. END 7
8.
In Ch.2, Sagan says
the laws of
motion and the inverse square law of gravitation associated with the
name of
Isaac Newton are properly considered among the crowing achievements of
the
human species. END 8
9.
In Ch.2, Sagan says
that the word
“Spirit” comes from the Latin word “to
breathe.” END 9
10.
In Ch.2, Sagan says
science is
not compatible with spirituality. END 10
11.
In Ch.2, Sagan says
science is a
profound source of spirituality. END 11
12.
In Ch.2, Sagan says
that Taylor
and Hulse were co-recipients of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics. END 12
13.
In Ch.2, Sagan says
that when the
findings and methods of science get through to us, when we understand
and put
this knowledge to use, many feel deep satisfaction, and that this is
true for
everyone, but especially for children – born with a zest for
knowledge. END 13
14.
In Ch.2, Sagan says
that when we
recognize our place in an immensity of light-years and in the passage
of ages,
we feel so puny that we cannot be spiritual. END 14
15.
In Ch.2, Sagan says
one of the
great commandments of science is, “Mistrust arguments from
authority.” END 15
16.
In Ch.2, Sagan says
one of the
great commandments of science is, “Trust arguments from authority
by standing
on the shoulders of the good scientists who have come before.”
END 16
17.
In Ch.2, Sagan says
the
independence of science, its occasional unwillingness to accept
conventional
wisdom, makes it dangerous to doctrines less self-critical, or with
pretensions
to certitude. END 17
18.
In Ch.2, Sagan says
that
scientists, being primates, and thus given to dominance hierarchies, of
course
do not always follow the commandment to mistrust arguments from
authority. END
18
19.
In Ch.2, Sagan says
scientists,
being primates, and thus given to dominance hierarchies, always follow
the
commandment to trust arguments from authority by standing on the
shoulders of
the good scientists who have come before. END 19
20.
In Ch.2, Sagan said
that the
accuracy of Newtonian dynamics (with only tiny corrections from
Einstein) is
astonishing. END 20
21.
In Ch.2, Sagan says
that when the
findings and methods of science get through to us, when we understand
and put
this knowledge to use, many feel deep satisfaction, and that this is
true for
everyone, but especially for children – born with a zest for
knowledge. END 21
22.
In Ch.2 Sagan says
science is not
compatible with spirituality. END 22
23.
In Ch.2 Sagan says
science is a
profound source of spirituality. END 23
24.
In Ch.2 Sagan says
that when we
recognize our place in an immensity of light-years and in the passage
of ages,
we feel so puny that we cannot be spiritual. END 24
25.
In Ch.2 Sagan says
that when we
recognize our place in an immensity of light-years and in the passage
of ages,
when we grasp the intricacy, beauty, and subtlety of life, then that
soaring
feeling, that sense of elation and humility combined is surely
spiritual. END
25
26.
In Ch.2 Sagan says one
of the
great commandments of science is “Mistrust arguments from
authority.” END 26; T
27.
In Ch.2 Sagan says the
independence of science, its occasional unwillingness to accept
conventional
wisdom, makes it dangerous to doctrines less self-critical, or with
pretensions
to certitude. END 27
28.
In Ch.2, Sagan says
that
scientists, being primates, and thus given to dominance hierarchies, of
course
do not always follow the commandment to mistrust arguments from
authority. END
28
29.
In Ch.2 Sagan says
scientists,
being primates, and thus given to dominance hierarchies, always follow
the
commandment to trust arguments from authority by standing on the
shoulders of
the good scientists who have come before. END 29
30.
In Ch.2 Sagan says one
of the
great commandments of science is, “Trust arguments from authority
by standing
on the shoulders of the good scientists who have come before.”
END 30; F
31.
In Ch.3, Sagan says
Venus is much
more clement than Mars. END 31
32.
In Ch.3 Sagan says
that radioactive
dating of samples returned from the moon by the Apollo astronauts shows
that
ancient cratered highlands on the moon are almost 4.5 billion years old.
33.
In Ch.3 Sagan says a
few small
mountains on Mars resemble pyramids. END 32
34.
In Ch.3 Sagan says
Venus is much
more clement than Mars.
35.
In Ch.3 Sagan says in
the Elysium
high plateau on Mars, there is a cluster of small mountains resembling
pyramids
– the biggest a few kilometers across at the base –
all oriented in the
same direction.
36.
In Ch.3, Sagan says
there is
something a little eerie about the pyramids in the desert of Mars that
are so
reminiscent of the Gizeh plateau in Egypt.
37.
In Ch. 3 Sagan says
that if we
scrutinize 100,000 pictures, it’s not surprising that
occasionally we’ll come
upon something like a face.T
38.
In Ch.3, Sagan says
that
radioactive dating of samples returned from the moon by the Apollo
astronauts
shows that ancient cratered highlands on the moon are almost 4.5
billion year
old.T; O13
39.
In Ch.3, Sagan says
that John
Michell is a British enthusiast of the occult.
40.
In Ch.3 Sagan says
that perhaps
the most famous spurious claim of a portentous pattern involves the
canals of
Mars.
41.
In Ch.3 Sagan says the
canals of
Mars were first observed in 1977.
42.
In Ch.3, Sagan says
that perhaps
the most famous spurious claim of a portentous pattern involves the
canals of
Venus.
43.
In Ch.3, Sagan says
the canals of
Mars were last observed in 1977.
44.
In Ch.3, Sagan says
Venus is much
more clement than Mars.
45.
In Ch.3, Sagan says a
few small
mountains on Mars resemble pyramids.
46.
In Ch.3, Sagan says in
the
Elysium high plateau on Mars, there is a cluster of of small mountains
resembling pyramids – the biggest a few kilometers across at the
base – all
oriented in the same direction.
47.
In Ch.3, Sagan says
there is
something a little eerie about the pyramids in the desert of Mars that
are so
reminiscent of the Gizeh plateau in Egypt.
48.
54. In Ch.3, Sagan
says that if
we scrutinize 100,000 pictures, it’s not surprising that
occasionally we’ll
come upon something like a face.
49.
In Ch.3, Sagan says
our brains
are programmed from infancy for finding faces.
50.
In Ch.3, Sagan says
our brains
are programmed from infancy for finding feces.
51.
In Ch.3, Sagan says
our brains
are programmed from infancy for finding focii.
52.
In Ch.3, Sagan says
that perhaps
the most famous spurious claim of a portentous pattern involves the
canals of
Mars.
53.
In Ch.3, Sagan says a
few small
mountains on Mars resemble pyramids.
54.
In Ch.3 Sagan says
that Antonin
Artaud claimed to see, in part under the influence of peyote, erotic
images in
the patterns on the outside of rocks.; END 54
55.
In Ch.3, Sagan says
that John
Michell refuses to take at face value Artaud’s claims about
erotic rocks.; END
55
56.
In Ch.4, Sagan
mentions the claim
that Charles Piazzi Smyth discovered in the dimensions of the Great
Pyramid of
Gizeh a world chronology from the Creation to the Second Coming.T; END
56
57.
In Ch.4, Sagan reports
that L.
Ron Hubbard wrote a manuscript able to drive its readers insane (with
Sagan
wondering if Hubbard’s manuscript was ever proofed or
proofread).T DUPLICATES
65; END 57
58.
In Ch.4, Sagan asks:
how could
humans be the result of an alien breeding program if we share 99.6% of
our
active genes with the chimpanzees?T; END 58
59.
In Ch.4, Sagan says
we’re more
closely related to chimps than rats are to mice. T; END 59
60.
In Ch.4, Sagan
mentions the
report that Andrew Crosse created microscopic insects electrically from
salts. T;
END 60
61.
In Ch.4, Sagan quotes
John Locke
saying in 1690: One unerring mark of the love of truth is not
entertaining any
proposition with greater assurance than the proofs it is built upon
will
warrant.T; END 61
62.
In Ch.4, Sagan
discusses Charles
Mackay’s 1841 book Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the
Madness of Crowds.T;
END 62
63.
In Ch.4, Sagan
mentions Wilhelm
Reich’s claim to have uncovered the key to the structure of
galaxies in the
energy of the human orgasm.T; END 63
64.
In Ch.4, Sagan says
Hans
Horbiger, under Nazi aegis, announced the Milky Way was made not of
stars but
of snowballs.T; END 64
65.
In Ch.4, Sagan reports
that L.
Ron Hubbard wrote a manuscript able to drive its readers insane (with
Sagan
wondering if Hubbard’s manuscript was ever proofed or
proofread).T; DUPLICATES
57; END 65
66.
In Ch.4, Sagan calls
Martin
Gardner’s book Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science an
eye-opener.
67.
In Ch.4, Sagan says
that Voltaire
wrote: “’Truly, that which makes me believe there is no
inhabitant on this
sphere, is that it seems to me that no sensible being would be willing
to live
here.’ ‘Well, then!” said Micromegas, ‘perhaps
the beings that inhabit it do
not possess good sense.’” [One alien to another, on
approaching the Earth, in
Voltaire’s Micromegas: A Philosophical History (1752)]; END 67; T
68.
In Ch.4, Sagan
mentions Wilhelm
Reich’s claim to have uncovered the key to the structure of
galaxies in the
energy of the human orgasm.
69.
In Ch.4, Sagan reports
that the
Bridey Murphy case led millions into concluding serious evidence of
reincarnation exists.
70.
In Ch.5, Sagan
suggests the
Donation of Constantine is a hoax.
71.
In Ch.5, Sagan says
that
high-altitude balloons can seem saucer-shaped when seen from the
ground, that
if you misestimate how far away they are, you can easily imagine them
going
absurdly fast, that occasionally, propelled by a gust of wind, they
make abrupt
changes in direction uncharacteristic of aircraft and in seeming
defiance of
the conservation of momentum – if you don’t realize that
they’re hollow and
weigh almost nothing.
72.
In Ch.5, Sagan says he
was a
member of the U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board committee that
investigated the Air Force’s UFO study – called
“Project Bluebook,” but earlier
called “Project Grudge.”T; END 72
73.
In Ch.5 of Sagan, the
U.S. Air
Force Scientific Advisory Board committee found the on-going effort of
Project
Bluebook to be lackadaisical and dismissive. T; END 73
74.
In Ch.5, Sagan asks
“After
misapprehended natural events and hoaxes and psychological aberrations
are
removed from the data set, is there any residue of very credible but
extremely
bizarre cases, especially ones supported by physical evidence? Is there
a
‘signal’ hiding in all that noise?” and answers that
no signal has been
detected.T; END 74
75.
In Ch.5, Sagan says
Lorenzo of
Valla was a polymath and a controversialist and a pedant who was
crusty,
critical, arrogant and who was attacked by his contemporaries for
sacrilege,
impudence, temerity and presumption.T; END 75
76.
In Ch.5, Sagan says
there is no
difficulty in understanding the motivation of the hoaxers.T; END 76
77.
In Ch.5, Sagan says
there is
difficulty in understanding the motivation of the hoaxers. END 77
78.
In Ch.5, Sagan
suggests the book
of Deuteronomy is a more or less typical example of a hoax. END 78
79.
In Ch.5, Sagan says by
the middle
1960s Project Bluebook was headquartered in the same Air Force Base in
Ohio
where the Foreign Technical Intelligence was located, and that Foreign
Technical Intelligence was concerned chiefly with understanding what
new
weapons the Soviets had. END 79
80.
In Ch.5, Sagan says
the only sure
way to test your adversary’s defenses is to fly an aircraft over
their borders
and see how long it takes for them to notice, and that the U.S. did
this
routinely to test Soviet air defenses. END 80
81.
In Ch.5, Sagan says
there are no
cases – despite well over a million UFO reports since 1947
– in which something
so strange that it could only be an extraterrestrial spacecraft is
reported so
reliably that misapprehension, hoax, or hallucination can be reliably
excluded
and there’s still a part of Sagan that says “Too
bad.” END 81
82.
In Ch.6, Sagan says
that since
the death of his parents he has not heard the voice of his mother or
father.
END 82
83.
In Ch.6, Sagan says
that since
the death of his parents, he saw them riding inside a UFO. END 83; F
84.
In Ch.6, Sagan says
Admiral
Richard Byrd, Captain Joshua Slocum and Sir Ernest Shackleton all
experienced
vivid hallucinations when coping with unusual isolation and loneliness.
85.
In Ch.6, Sagan says
serious
explorers such as Admiral Richard Byrd, Captain Joshua Slocum and Sir
Ernest
Shackleton never experienced vivid hallucinations even when coping with
unusual
isolation and loneliness.F; END 85
86.
In Ch.6, Sagan says
psychedelic-induced religious experiences were a hallmark of the
Western youth
culture of the 1960s.T; END 86
87.
In Ch.6, Sagan says
the Yale
anthropologist Weston La Barre goes so far as to argue that “a
surprisingly
good case could be made that much of culture is hallucination,”
and that “the
whole intent and function of ritual appears to be … [a] group
wish to
hallucinate reality.”T; END 87
88.
In Ch.6, Sagan says
roughly 10%
of Americans report having seen one or more ghosts.T; END 88
89.
In Ch.6, Sagan says 5%
to 10% of
us are extremely suggestible, able to move at a command into a deep
hypnotic
trance.T; END 89
90.
In Ch.6, Sagan says at
least 1%
of all of us is schizophrenic, amounting to over 50 million
schizophrenics on
the planet, more than the population of England.END 90; T
91.
In Ch.6, Sagan says
that in 1970
John Mack published a book on nightmares.T; END 91
92.
In Ch.6, Sagan says
advertisers
must know their audiences.T; END 92
93.
In Ch.6, Sagan says
audiences
must know their advertisers.T; END 93
94.
In Ch.6, Sagan says
that, from
1894 to the time of his writing, repeated surveys have shown that 10 to
25
percent of ordinary, functioning people have experienced, at least once
in
their lifetimes, a vivid hallucination – hearing a voice,
usually, or seeing a
form when there’s no one there.T; END 94
95.
In Ch.6, Sagan says
that probably
a dozen times since the deaths of his parents he has heard his mother
or
father, in a conversational tone of voice, call his name.T; END 95
96.
In Ch.6, Sagan says
advertisers
need not know their audiences.
97.
In Ch.6 Sagan quotes
Lucretius,
from On the Nature of Things (circa 60 B.C.), as saying that as
children
tremble and fear everything in the blind darkness, so we in the light
sometimes
fear what is no more to be feared than the things children in the dark
hold in
terror.
98.
In Ch.6, Sagan says
audiences
need not know their advertisers.
99.
In Ch.7,
Sagan
reports that some thought 12,000 witches darkened the skies as they
flew to
Newfoundland.T; END 99
100.
In
Ch.7, Sagan suggests that Augustine wrote The City of God.T; END 100
101.
In
Ch.7, Sagan reports that Aristotle was Plato’s famous student.T;
END 101
102.
In
Ch.7, Sagan reports that Aristotle seriously considered the contention
that demons
script dreams.T; END 102
103.
In
Ch.7, Sagan quotes philosopher Thomas Hobbes as saying in Leviathan
(1651)
“Fear of things invisible is the natural seed of that which every
one in
himself calleth religion.”
104.
In
Ch.7, Sagan reports that St. Augustine was much vexed with demons.
105.
In
Ch.7, Sagan quotes The Isa Upanishad (India, ca. 600 B.C.) as saying:
“There
are demon-haunted worlds, regions of utter darkness.”; T; END 105
106.
In
Ch.7, Sagan reports that Plutarch proposed that the demons came from
the Moon.
107.
In
Ch.7, Sagan reports that Porphyry proposed that the demons came from
the Moon.
108.
In
Ch.7, Sagan reports that Michael Psellus was someone who described
demons and
who was influential philosopher and a shady politician.
109.
In Ch.8,
Sagan fails to write on the distinction between true and
false visions.
110.
In Ch.8,
Sagan discusses the role in our time of much dismissive
chortling and ridicule.
111.
In Ch.
8, Sagan says there are many instances of President Reagan
failing to distinguish fact from fiction.
112.
In Ch.
8, Sagan says President Reagan claimed that he (Reagan)
liberated Nazi concentration camp victims.
113.
In Ch.
8, Sagan reports that Reagan spent WWII in Hollywood and
did not liberate any concentration camp victims.
114.
In Ch.8,
Sagan says it is hard to imagine serious public dangers
emerging out of instances in which political, military, scientific or
religious
leaders are unable to distinguish fact from vivid fiction.
115.
In Ch.8,
Sagan says Alfonso the Wise was king of Castile around
1248.
116.
In Ch.8,
Sagan says Jeanne d’Arc and Girolamo Savonarola were
burnt at the stake for their visions.
117.
In Ch.8,
Sagan says the Inquisition’s punishment for Francisca la
Brava was to put her on an ass and give her one hundred lashes in
public
through the streets of Belmonte naked from the waist up.
118.
In Ch.8,
Sagan says it is not hard to imagine serious public
dangers emerging out of instances in which political, military,
scientific or
religious leaders are unable to distinguish fact from vivid fiction.
119.
In Ch.8,
Sagan says memory can be contaminated.END 119
120.
In Ch.8,
Sagan says memory cannot be contaminated.END 120
121.
In Ch.8,
Sagan says false memories can be implanted even in minds
that do not consider themselves vulnerable and uncritical.
122.
In Ch.8,
Sagan says no false memories can be implanted in minds that
consider themselves invulnerable and critical.
123.
In Ch.8,
Sagan says that Stephen Ceci of Cornell University,
Loftus and their colleagues found that preschoolers are exceptionally
vulnerable to suggestion.
124.
In Ch.8,
Sagan says preschoolers’ exceptional vulnerability to
suggestion is surprising.
125.
In Ch.8,
Sagan says preschoolers’ exceptional vulnerability to
suggestion is unsurprising.
126.
In Ch.8,
Sagan says there is no distinction between true and false
visions.
127.
In Ch.9,
Sagan says therapy does not exist.
128.
In Ch.9,
Sagan quotes the fictional character Sherlock Holmes as
saying that it is a capital mistake to collect data before one has a
theory to
test against the data.
129.
In Ch.9,
Sagan quotes the fictional character Sherlock Holmes as
saying that it is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data.
130.
In Ch.9,
Sagan quotes Gabriel Garcia Marquez as saying that true
memories seemed like phantoms.
131.
In Ch.9,
Sagan quotes Gabriel Garcia Marques as saying that false
memories were so convincing that they replaced reality.
132.
In Ch.9,
Sagan says there is not much to this UFO business, except
of course on the psychiatric side.
133.
In Ch.9,
Sagan says there is much more to this UFO business than
the psychiatric side of it.
134.
In Ch.9,
Sagan says some estimates from opnion surveys range as
high as one in four American women having been sexually abused in
childhood,
though Sagan says these estimates are probably too high.
135.
In Ch.9,
Sagan says some estimates from opnion surveys range as
high as one in six American men having been sexually abused in
childhood,
though Sagan says these estimates are probably too high.
136.
In Ch.9,
Sagan reports one survey saying that 85% of all violent
prison inmates were abused in childhood.
137.
In Ch.9,
Sagan reports there are many real cases of ghoulish
sexual predation by parents or those acting in the role of parents.
138.
In Ch.9,
Sagan reports that rape victims are ten times more likely
than other women to use alcohol and other drugs to excess and that the
problem
is real and urgent.
139.
In Ch.9,
Sagan reports that two-thirds of all teenage mothers were
raped or sexually abused as children or teenagers.
140.
In Ch.9,
Sagan reports that a century ago Sigmund Freud introduced
the concept of repression, the forgetting of events in order to avoid
intense
psychic pain.
141.
In Ch.9,
Sagan gives a longer quote from FBI expert Kenneth V.
Lanning, who says faith, not logic and reason, governs the religious
beliefs of
most people.
142.
In Ch.9,
Sagan suggests that perhaps the startle reflex (sometimes
when falling asleep we have the sense of toppling from a height and our
limbs
suddenly flail on their own) is left over from when our ancestors slept
in
trees.
143.
In
Ch.10, Sagan mentions the Scottish verdict of “not proved.”
144.
In
Ch.10, Sagan says magic requires tacit cooperation of the
audience with the magician.
145.
In
Ch.10, Sagan says he remembered reading in college Robert
Lindner’s book from 1954 called The Fifty-Minute Hour.
146.
In
Ch.10, Sagan quotes E. M. Butler (from The Myth of the Magus
(1948)) as saying: “[M]agic, it must be remembered, is an art
which demands
collaboration between the artist and his public.”
147.
In
Ch.10, Sagan reports that Anthony Hewish won the Nobel Prize in
physics for the discovery of pulsars.
148.
In
Ch.11, Sagan quotes the poet Rainer Maria Rilke (from “The
Tenth Elegy” (1923)) as stating: “… how alien, alas,
are the streets of the
city of grief.”
149.
In
Ch.11, Sagan discusses Raymond Moody’s alleged evidence that we
survive death.
150.
In
Ch.12, Sagan says having independent confirmation of a report
makes it more likely that the report is baloney.F; END
151.
In
Ch.12, Sagan says having independent confirmation of a report
makes it less likely that the report is baloney.
152.
In
Ch.12, Sagan says that whether you have independent
confirmation for a report is irrelevant to whether that report is more
or less
likely to be baloney.
153.
Regarding
Ch.12 in Sagan, Dr. H thinks that on p.206 of Sagan
gives a reasonable scientific basis for believing that all of us will
live an
infinite number of years.
154.
In
Ch.12, Sagan notes “the success of the tobacco industry
…”T; S27;
154
155.
In
Ch.12, Sagan discusses Occam’s Razor as a tool in Sagan’s
baloney-detection kit.T; S27; 155
156.
In
Ch.12, Sagan asks no questions on page 205.156
157.
Ch.12 is
the chapter in Sagan that Dr. H says is the most
important chapter in that book.T; 157
158.
In
Ch.12, Sagan gives us a baloney detection kit to use to help
our critical thinking.END 158; T
159.
In
Ch.12, Sagan says gullibility kills.END 159; T
160.
In
Ch.12, Sagan says tobacco is, by many criteria, more addictive
than heroin.END 160; T
161.
In
Ch.12, Sagan says there was a reason people would, as the 1940s
ad put it, “walk a mile for a Camel.”END 161; T
162.
In
Ch.12, Sagan says there was no reason why people would, as the
1940s ad put it, “walk a mile for a Camel.”END 162; F
163.
In
Ch.12, Sagan says more people have died of tobacco than in all
of World War II.END 163; T
164.
In
Ch.12, Sagan says that, according to the World Health
Organization, smoking kills three million people every year
worldwide.END 164;
T
165.
In
Ch.12, Sagan says that more people died in all of World War II
than those who have died of tobacco.F
166.
In
Ch.12, Sagan says the death toll from tobacco will rise to 10
million annual deaths by 2020 – in part because of a massive
advertising
campaign to portray smoking as advanced and fashionable to young women
in the
developing world.END 166; T
167.
In
Ch.12, Sagan says part of the success of the tobacco industry
in purveying a brew of addictive poisons can be attributed to
widespread
unfamiliarity with baloney detection, critical thinking, and the
scientific
method.
168.
In
Ch.13, Sagan says James “The Amazing” Randi won a MacArthur
Foundation Prize Fellowship.
169.
In
Ch.13, Sagan says James “The Amazing” Randi won a MacArthur
Foundation Prize Fellowship.T; END 169
170.
170.
In Ch.7, Sagan reports that some thought 12,000 witches
darkened the skies as they flew to Newfoundland. T
171.
171. In
Ch.13, Sagan says one of the saddest lessons of history is
that if we’ve been bamboozled long enough, we tend to reject any
evidence of
the bamboozle.T
172.
172. In
Ch.13, Sagan says one of the saddest lessons of history is
that if we’ve been bamboozled long enough, we tend eventually to
realize our
mistake and become depressingly sad about it.F
173.
173. In
Ch. 13, Sagan reports that Moses Maimonides was a Jewish
philosopher.T
174.
174. In
Ch.14, Sagan gives an extended quotation from Morris
Cohen, a celebrated philosopher of science.T
175.
175. In
Ch.14, Sagan never quotes Charles Darwin.T
176.
176. In
Ch.14, Sagan quotes Cicero as saying that the first law is
that the historian shall never dare to set down what is false.
177.
177. In
Ch.14, Sagan says Mao Zedon’s “Great Leap Forward”
caused
tens of millions of deaths.
178.
178. In
Ch.14, Sagan says Darwin militantly opposed racism.
179.
179. In
Ch.14 Sagan says Harold C. Urey was an American chemistry
Nobel laureate (winner of the Nobel prize for chemistry).
180.
180. In
Ch.14, Sagan says we need to understand the theory to see
what it predicts.
181.
181. In
Ch. 15 of Sagan, no questions appear on page 270.
182.
182. In
Ch.15 Sagan says St. Thomas Aquinas wrote "Against
the Gentiles”.
183.
183. In
Ch.15, Sagan has a longer quote from Charles Tart.
184.
184. In
Ch.15 Sagan says some of mainstream Christianity and
Judaism embraces and even anticipated at least a portion of the
humility,
self-criticism, reasoned debate, and questioning of received wisdom
that the
best of science offers.
185.
185. In
Ch.15 Sagan quotes William Blake's prayer saying may God
keep us from double vision.
186.
186. In
Ch.15 Sagan says the Dalai Lama was plainly right on some
matters.
187.
187. In
Ch. 15 Sagan denied that Moses Maimonides wrote "Guide
for the Perplexed.”
188.
188. In
Ch. 16 Carl Sagan makes some criticisms of nuclear
scientist Edward Teller.
189.
189. In
Ch.16, specifically on page 290, Sagan gives a few
examples of seemingly contradictory aphorisms.
190.
190. In
Ch.16 Sagan makes no criticisms of nuclear scientist
Edward Teller.
191.
191. In
Ch.16 Sagan quotes Euripides.
192.
192. In
Ch.16 Sagan reports that J. Robert Oppenheimer claimed
that scientists had bloody hands.
193.
193. In
Ch.16 Sagan reports that President Truman instructed his
aides that he (Truman) never wishesd to see J. Robert Oppenheimer again.
194.
194. In
Ch.16 Sagan reports that Edwin Teller lost part of his leg
in a streetcar accident.
195.
195. In
Ch. 16 Sagan reports that the U.S. thermonuclear device
was exploded in 1952.
196.
196. In
Ch.16 Sagan reports that Life magazine had an article in
1954 that admired Edwin Teller.
197.
197. In
Ch.16 Sagan says there was a nuclear accident in
Pennsylvania in 1979.
198.
198. In
Ch.16 Sagan denies that he ever met privately with Dr.
Teller.
199.
199. In
Ch.16 Sagan writes that in 1995 the CIA Inspector General
said absolute secrecy corrupts absolutely.
200.
200. In
Ch.16 Sagan says that the Bible is full of so many stories
of contradictory moral purpose that every generation can find
scriptural
justification for nearly any action it proposes – from incest,
slavery, and
mass murder to the most refined love, courage, and self-sacrifice.
201.
201. In
Ch.16 Sagan says it is not the particular task of
scientists to alert the public to possible dangers emanating from
science or
foreseeable though the use of science.
202.
202. In
Ch.16 Sagan speaks of men being perhaps
“testosterone-inflamed.
203.
203. In
Ch.16 Sagan says “In Joshua and the second half of Numbers
[in the Old Testament of The Bible] is celebrated the mass murder of
men,
women, children, down to the domestic animals in city after city across
the
whole land of Canaan.”
204.
204. In
Ch.16 Sagan says “Even folk institutions that purport to
give us advice on behavior and ethics seem fraught with
contradictions.”
205.
205. In
Ch.16 Sagan says “In Joshua and the second half of Numbers
[in the Old Testament of The Bible] is celebrated the mass murder of
men,
women, children, down to the domestic animals in city after city across
the
whole land of Canaan.”
206.
206. In
Ch.16 Sagan says “…stories of mass murder … can be
found
in the books of Saul, Esther, and elsewhere in the Bible, with hardly a
pang of
moral doubt. It was all, of course, troubling to liberal
theologians of a
later age.”
207.
207. In
Ch.16 Sagan says: “It is properly said that the Devil can
‘quote Scripture to his purpose.’”
208.
208. In
Ch.16 Sagan says “The Bible is full of so many stories of
contradictory moral purpose that every generation can find scriptural
justification for nearly any action it proposes – from incest,
slavery, and
mass murder to the most refined love, courage, and self-sacrifice. And
this
moral multiple personality disorder is hardly restricted to Judaism and
Christianity. You can find it deep within Islam, the Hindu
tradition,
indeed nearly all the world’s religions.”
209.
209. In
Ch.16 Sagan says “if we must make errors, given the
stakes, they should be on the side of safety.”
210.
210. In
Ch.16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk
wisdom are contradictory: 1) Haste makes waste; and 2) a stitch in time
saves
nine.
211.
211. In
Ch.16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk
wisdom are contradictory: 1) Better safe than sorry; and 2) nothing
ventured,
nothing gained.
212.
212. In
Ch. 16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk
wisdom are contradictory: 1) Where there’s smoke there’s
fire; and 2) you can’t
tell a book by its cover.
213.
213. In
Ch. 16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk
wisdom are contradictory: 1) A penny saved is a penny earned; and 2)
you can’t
take it with you.
214.
214. In
Ch. 16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk
wisdom are contradictory: 1) He who
hesitates
is lost; and 2) fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
215.
215. In
Ch. 16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk
wisdom are contradictory: 1) Two heads are better than one; and 2) too
many
cooks spoil the broth.
216.
216. In
Ch.17 Sagan mentions crop circles.
217.
217. In
Ch.17 Sagan says there are no limits to the uses of
skepticism.
218.
218. In
Ch.17 Sagan cautions us not to abet (help maintain) a
general climate in which skepticism is considered impolite, science
tiresome,
and rigorous thinking somehow stuffy and inappropriate.
219.
219. In
Ch.17 Sagan says he thinks skepticism is impolite.
220.
220. In
Ch.17 Sagan writes about University of Buffalo philosopher
Paul Kurtz.
221.
221. In
Ch.17 Sagan quotes Bertrand Russell as saying that
insight, untested and unsupported, is an insufficient guarantee of
truth.
222.
222. In
Ch.17 Sagan says many pseudoscientific and New Age belief
systems emerge out of dissatisfaction with conventional values and
perspectives.
223.
223. In
Ch.17 Sagan says some skeptics compel belief.
224.
224. In
Ch.17 Sagan says Alfred Wegener refuted the theory of
continental drift.
225.
225. In
Ch.17 Sagan says astrology has been with us for 4,000
years or more.
226.
226. In
Ch.17 Sagan says astrology seems not to be as popular
today as it used to be.
227.
227. In
Ch.17 Sagan says a quarter of all Americans believe in
astrology.
228.
228. In
Ch.17 Sagan says a third of all Americans believe Sun-sign
astrology is scientific.
229.
229. In
Ch. 17 Sagan says the fraction of schoolchildren believing
in astrology rose from 40% to 59% from 1978 to 1984.
230.
230. In
Ch.17 Sagan quotes Michael Faraday as saying that nothing
is too wonderful to be true.
231.
231. In
Ch.17 Sagan says most scientists would agree with the
ancient Chinese proverb “Better to be too credulous than too
skeptical .
232.
232. In
Ch.17 Sagan says many scientists tend to be diffident
(unconfident) about describing their own sense of wonder at the dawning
of a
wild surmise
233.
233. In
Ch.17 Sagan tries to stress (that is, emphasize) that at
the heart of science is an essential balance of two seemingly
contradictory
attitudes – an openness to new ideas, no matter how bizarre or
counterintuitive, and the most ruthlessly skeptical scrutiny of all
ideas, old
and new.
234.
234. In
Ch.17 Sagan says that the essential balance at the heart
of science is how deep truths are winnowed from deep nonsense.
235.
235. In
Ch. 17 Sagan says the collective enterprise of creative
thinking and skeptical thinking, working together, fail to keep the
field on
track.
236.
236. In
Ch.17 Sagan says if you’re only skeptical, then no new
ideas make it through to you, you never learn anything, and you become
a
crotchety misanthrope convinced that nonsense is ruling the world.
237.
237. In
Ch.17, Sagan reports that in France there are more
astrologers than Roman Catholic clergy.
238.
238.
Regarding Ch. 18 of Sagan, Dr. H said in class that he thinks
there is a serious typo on page 317 in Sagan, where Dr. H thinks Sagan
meant to
say that the pro-atheism and pro-polytheistic approach of the
pre-Socratics was
quashed rather than “quenched” by Plato, Aristotle, and
then Christian
theologians.
239.
239. In
Ch.18, Sagan denies that the wind makes dust.
240.
240. In
Ch.18 Sagan says Alfred Nobel of Sweden invented
gunpowder.
241.
241. In
Ch.18 Sagan says European civilization inundated and
destroyed Aztec civilization.
242.
242. In
Ch.18 Sagan says the zero is the key to comfortable
arithmetic and therefore to quantitative science.
243.
243. In
Ch.18 Sagan says Germany invented movable type.
244.
244. In
Ch.18 Sagan presents the idea that the wind makes dust
because it intends to blow, taking away our footprints.
245.
245. In
Ch.18 Sagan quotes Thomas H. Huxley comparing a “savage”
hunter with a “man of science.
246.
246. In
Ch.18 Sagan says Alan Cromer wrote Uncommon Sense: The
Heretical Nature of Science (1993).
247.
247. In
Ch.18 Sagan reports that Indian mathematicians invented
the zero.
248.
248. In
Ch.18 Sagan reports that modern science has produced a far
better calendar in European civilization today than the calendar used
in Aztec
civilization long ago.
249.
249. In
Ch.18 Sagan says Germany invented the rocket.
250.
250. In
Ch.18 Sagan says the Spanish invented the magnetic
compass.
251.
251. In
Ch.18 Sagan says Americans invented the seismograph.
252.
252. In
Ch.18 Sagan says the ancient Egyptians invented the
systematic observations and chronicles of the heavens.
253.
253. In
Ch.18 Sagan says Chinese civilization invented movable
type, gunpowder, the rocket, the magnetic compass, the seismograph, and
systematic observations and chronicles of the heavens.
254.
254. In
Ch.19 Sagan suggests there’s no such thing as a dumb
question.
255.
255. In
Ch.19 Sagan quotes Heinrich Heine.
256.
256.
In Ch.19 Sagan says (except for some questions from
two-year-olds for example) every question is a cry to understand the
world.
257.
257. In
Ch.19 Sagan presents statistics showing that American
students are performing better than students from any other nation.
258.
258. In
Ch.19 Sagan says 63% of American adults are unaware that
the last dinosaur died before the first human arose.
259.
259. In
Ch.19 Sagan says 75% of American adults do not know that
antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses.
260.
260. In
Ch.19 Sagan says a 1993 poll showed that no more than half
the people in China know that the Earth revolves around the Sun once a
year.
261.
261. In
Ch.19 Sagan says 57% of American adults do not know that
electrons are smaller than atoms.
262.
262. In
Ch.19 Sagan says that something like half of American
adults do not know that the Earth goes around the Sun and takes a year
to do
it.
263.
263. In
Ch.19 Sagan says he can find in his undergraduate classes
at Cornell University (an Ivy League University, by the way) bright
students
who do not know that the stars rise and set at night, or even that the
Sun is a
star.
264.
264. In
Ch.19, Sagan says there are dumb questions.
265.
265. In
Ch. 20, Sagan co-wrote material with Ann Druyan.
266.
266. In
Ch.20 Sagan denies that George Awad is one of the leading
architectural model makers in America.
267.
267. In
Ch.20 Sagan quotes a long passage by Edward Conze about
the Buddha.
268.
268. In
Ch.20 Sagan says he was taken as a child to the American
Museum of Natural History.
269.
269. In
Ch.20 Sagan says children today are encourage to touch, to
poke, to run through a branched contingency tree of questions and
answers via
computer, or to make funny noises and see what sound waves look like.
270.
270. In
Ch.20 Sagan reports that half the children at the
elementary school where his daughter attended in Ithaca, New York (home
of Ivy
League college Cornell University) live below the poverty line.
271.
271. In
Ch.21 Sagan says the Holy Bible, as countless passages
confirmed, condoned slavery.
272.
272. In
Ch.21 Sagan says there was in the antebellum South (the
American South before the Civil War, which began in 1861) there was a
revealing
rule: Slaves were to remain illiterate.
273.
273. In
Ch.21 Sagan reports that African-Americans have made
enormous strides in literacy since Emancipation.
274.
274. In
Ch.21 Sagan reports that in 1860 only an estimated 5% of
African-Americans could read and write and that by 1890 39% were judged
literate by the U.S. Census, and by 1969 96% were judged literate.
275.
275. In
Ch.21 Sagan says that between 1940 and 1992, the fraction
of African-Americans who had completed high school soared from 7% to
82%.
276.
276. In
Ch.21 Sagan says his skepticism leads him to believe there
is no path to freedom.
277.
277. In
Ch.21 Sagan quotes very early on the Roman philosopher and
former slave Epictetus.
278.
278. In
Ch.21 Epictetus says “We must not believe the many, who
say that only free people ought to be educated, but we should rather
believe the
philosophers who say that only the educated are free.”
279.
279. In
Ch.21, Sagan co-wrote material with Ann Druyan.
280.
280. In
Ch.22, Sagan suggests that a good first-order model of how
commercial and public television programming work is simply this: Money
is everything.
281.
281. In
Ch.22, Sagan quotes Henri Poincare about how cruel truth
often is.
282.
282. In
Ch.22 Sagan cautions that public television in America is
in real danger of losing government support and the content of
commercial
programming is in the course of a steep, long-term dumbing down.
283.
283. In
Ch.22 Sagan says that In Search of … (a famous TV series
from the 70s) frequently takes an intrinsically interesting subject and
systematically distorts the evidence.
284.
284. In
Ch.22 Sagan says The X Files (a famous TV series from the
80s and 90s) pays lip service to skeptical examination of the
paranormal but is
heavily skewed towards the reality of alien abductions, strange powers
and
government complicity in covering up just about everything interesting.
285.
285. In
Ch.22 Sagan says that in the early 1990s American polls
showed that 2/3 of adults didn't know what the "information
superhighway" was.
286.
286. In
Ch.22 Sagan says that in the early 1990s American polls
showed that 42% of adults didn't know where Japan is.
287.
287. In
Ch.22 Sagan says that in the early 1990s American polls
showed that 38% of adults were ignorant of the term 'holocaust.'
288.
288. In
Ch. 23, Sagan says nothing is touching anything.
289.
289. In
Ch.23 Sagan discusses SETI, the search for
extraterrestrial intelligence.
290.
290. In
Ch.23 Sagan quotes Ronald Reagan's campaign saying in 1980
"Why should we subsidize intellectual curiosity?"
291.
291. In
Ch.23 Sagan quotes George Washington saying "There is
nothing which can better deserve our patronage than the promotion of
science
and literature."
292.
292. In
Ch.23 Sagan quotes George Washington saying "Only the
military better deserves our patronage more than the promotion of
science and
literature."
293.
293. In
Ch.23 Sagan says stereotypes abound.
294.
294. In
Ch.23 Sagan says stereotypes are rare.
295.
295. In
Ch.23, Sagan says stereotypes abound.
296.
296. In
Ch.24, Sagan (with Ann Druyan) says politics is not a
science.
297.
297. In
Ch.24 Sagan quotes a Latin proverb that says where there
is doubt there is unfreedom.
298.
298. In
Ch.24 Sagan discusses science and witchcraft.
299.
299. In
Ch.24 Sagan notes that Linus Pauling has not won two
unshared Nobel Prizes.
300.
300. In
Ch.24 Sagan quotes a Latin proverb that says where there
is doubt there is paralysis.
301.
301. In
Ch.24, Sagan suggests that advocacy of science and
skepticism necessarily leads to all the political or social conclusions
he
draws.
302.
302. In
Ch.24, Sagan suggests that he advocates science.
303.
303. In
Ch.24, Sagan suggests that he advocates skepticism.
304.
304.
Based on What Sagan says in Ch.24, Sagan would agree that
skeptical thinking or critical thinking is invaluable in politics.
305.
305. In
Ch.25 Sagan says real patriots refuse to ask questions.
306.
306. In
Ch.25 Sagan says real patriots ask questions.
307.
307. In
Ch.25 Sagan quotes Supreme Court Justice Robert H.
Jackson, who says "It is the function of our government to keep the
citizen from falling into error."
308.
308. In
Ch.25, Sagan quotes Supreme Court Justice Black as saying
about the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment: “Its first
and most
immediate purpose rested on the belief that a union of government and
religion
tends to destroy government and degrade religion.”
309.
309. In
Ch.25, Sagan quotes from Clinton Rossiter’s Seedtime of
the Republic, 1953, which says: “Under the pressure of the
American environment,
Christianity grew more humanistic and temperate – more tolerant
with the
struggle of the sects, more liberal with the growth of optimism and
rationalism, more experimental with the rise of science, [and] more
individualistic with the advent of democracy.”
310.
310. In
Ch.25, Sagan writes: “Rights and freedoms: Use ‘em or lose
‘em.”
311.
311. In
Ch.25, Sagan quotes Justice Black in the Supreme Court
decision Engel v. Vitale, 1962.
312.
312. In
Ch.25, Sagan says that Confucius’ chief failing in life is
that he never got to try to construct a model state.
313.
313.
Sagan was an astronomer at Cornell University.
314.
314.
Sagan was an astrologer at Cornell University.
315.
315.
Sagan wrote, in our required book by Sagan, that he believes
Bigfoot exists.
316.
316.
Sagan wrote, in our required book by Sagan, that he believes
The Loch Ness Monster exists.
317.
317.
Sagan wrote, in our required book by Sagan, that he believes
Chupacabra exists.
318.
318.
Sagan wrote, in our required book by Sagan, that
extraterrestrials piloting UFOs have visited the earth.
319.
319.
Sagan literally has the last word in the film In Search of
Ancient Astronauts, narrated by Rod Serling, creator of The Twilight
Zone.
320.
320.
Occam’s Razor is named after William of Occam.
321.
321.
“William of Occam” is also spelled “William of
Ockham.”
322.
322.
William of Occam lived circa 1288 to circa 1348.
323.
323.
William of Occam was a Catholic priest.
324.
324. Dr.
H reported in class that William of Occam was
excommunicated (excluded) from The Catholic Church.
325.
325.
Occam’s razor requires us to avoid multiplying entities
beyond necessity.
326.
326.
Occam’s razor requires us to choose the simplest theory, all
other things being equal.
327.
327.
Occam’s razor suggests that we should keep it simple
(sometimes known as the ‘KISS’ or “Keep it simple,
stupid” principle).
328.
328.
Occam’s razor is also, Dr. H reports, known as the principle
of parsimony.
329.
329.
Occam’s razor is also, Dr. H reports, known as the principle
of economy.
330.
330.
What is generally known as Occam’s razor was probably, Dr. H
reports, first presented by Duns Scotus.
331.
331. Dr.
H reports that the name of Duns Scotus was the basis for
the English word ‘dunce.’
332.
332. Dr.
H reports that Duns Scotus was a Scot.
333.
333. L
rejects caveat emptor.
334.
334.
Prima facie means @ 1st glance or on the face of things.
335.
335. E
says merit need not be rewarded.
336.
336. U
says happiness need not be maximized.
337.
337.
Confucius rejects the Golden Rule.
338.
338.
Plato taught Aristotle.
339.
339.
Socrates says a woman named Aspasia of Miletus taught him
rhetoric.
340.
340.
Socrates says another teacher of his was a woman named
Diotima of Mantinea.
341.
341. Dr.
H said in class that there are reports that some Hindus
and some Muslims believe the moon is further away from the earth than
the Sun
is.
342.
342.
Socrates taught Plato.
343.
343. In
class, Dr. H showed students an ingot of Ralph Waldo
Emerson.
344.
344.
Ralph Waldo Emerson lived 1803-1882.
345.
345. In
class, Dr. H showed students an authentic coin that said
“United States of America” on one side and “One
Centavo” on the other side of
the coin.
346.
346.
Socrates lived 469-399BCE (BC "before Christ" is
also sometimes called 'BCE' for "before the common era", to be
politically correct)
347.
347.
Aristotle rejects virtue ethics.
348.
348.
Aristotle was the son of a doc.
349.
349.
Aristotle rejects the Golden Mean.
350.
350.
Aristotle taught Alexander the Great.
351.
351.
Alexander the Great commanded an army of 80,000 men and
conquered much of the territory between ancient Greece and India.
352.
352. A
sound argument is a valid argument with no false premises.
353.
353. A
sound argument is valid with no false premises.
354.
354. A
syllogism is an argument with exactly two premises and one
conclusion.
355.
355. A
syllogism is an argument with exactly one premise and one
conclusion.
356.
356. All
of Dr. Harwood’s tests are T/F (or A/B).
357.
357. All
of Dr. H’s tests are open note.
358.
358. All
tests are open book.
359.
359. All
strong arguments are sound arguments.
360.
360. All
strong arguments are unsound arguments.
361.
361. All
sound arguments are strong arguments.
362.
362. All
sound arguments are weak arguments.
363.
363. All
valid arguments have at least 1 true premise.
364.
364. All
valid arguments have at least 2 true premises.
365.
365. All
valid arguments are valid arguments.
366.
366. All
valid arguments are sound arguments.
367.
367. All
valid arguments are strong arguments.
368.
368. All
valid arguments are weak arguments.
369.
369. All
valid arguments are invalid arguments.
370.
370. All
strong arguments are valid arguments.
371.
371. All
strong arguments are invalid arguments.
372.
372. All
sound arguments are valid.
373.
373. All
sound arguments are invalid.
374.
374. All
sound arguments are sound.
375.
375. All
sound arguments are unsound.
376.
376. All
sound arguments have a true conclusion.
377.
377. All
sound arguments have a false conclusion.
378.
378. All
sound arguments have a true premise.
379.
379. All
sound arguments have a false premise.
380.
380.
‘All S are P’ is an A-claim.
381.
381. All
sound arguments are sound arguments.
382.
382. All
sound arguments are invalid arguments.
383.
383. All
sound arguments are unsound arguments.
384.
384. All
sound arguments are valid arguments.
385.
385.
‘No S are P’ is an E-claim.
386.
386. No
sound arguments are sound arguments.
387.
387. No
sound arguments are unsound arguments.
388.
388. No
sound arguments are valid arguments.
389.
389. No
strong arguments are sound arguments.
390.
390. No
strong arguments are unsound arguments.
391.
391. No
strong arguments are valid arguments.
392.
392. No
strong arguments are invalid arguments.
393.
393. No
sound arguments are invalid arguments.
394.
394. No
sound arguments are strong arguments.
395.
395. No
sound arguments are weak arguments.
396.
396. No
valid arguments are valid arguments.
397.
397. No
valid arguments are strong arguments.
398.
398. No
valid arguments are weak arguments.
399.
399. No
valid arguments are sound arguments.
400.
400. No
valid arguments are invalid arguments.
401.
401.
Some sound arguments are weak arguments.
402.
402.
Some sound arguments are strong arguments.
403.
403.
Some sound arguments are not strong arguments.
404.
404.
Some sound arguments are not weak arguments.
405.
405.
Some valid arguments are valid arguments.
406.
406.
Some valid arguments are not valid arguments.
407.
407.
Some valid arguments are strong arguments.
408.
408.
Some valid arguments are not strong arguments.
409.
409.
Some sound arguments are unsound arguments.
410.
410.
Some sound arguments are not unsound arguments.
411.
411.
Some sound arguments are sound arguments.
412.
412.
Some sound arguments are not sound arguments.
413.
413.
Some sound arguments are valid arguments.
414.
414.
Some sound arguments are not valid arguments.
415.
415.
Some sound arguments are invalid arguments.
416.
416.
Some sound arguments are invalid arguments.
417.
417.
‘Some S are P’ is an I-claim.
418.
418.
‘Some S are not P’ is an O-claim.
419.
419.
Some sound arguments have a false conclusion.
420.
420.
Some invalid arguments have only true premises and a true
conclusion.
421.
421.
Some valid arguments are sound arguments.
422.
422.
Some valid arguments are not valid arguments.
423.
423.
Some valid arguments are invalid arguments.
424.
424.
Some valid arguments are invalid arguments.
425.
425.
Some valid arguments are weak arguments.
426.
426.
Some valid arguments are not weak arguments.
427.
427.
Some strong arguments are sound arguments.
428.
428.
Some strong arguments are sound arguments.
429.
429.
Some strong arguments are not sound arguments.
430.
430.
Some strong arguments are unsound arguments.
431.
431.
Some strong arguments are not unsound arguments.
432.
432.
Some strong arguments are valid arguments.
433.
433.
Some strong arguments are not valid arguments.
434.
434.
Some strong arguments are invalid arguments.
435.
435.
Some strong arguments are not invalid arguments.
436.
436.
Every sound argument has some true premises.
437.
437.
Every sound argument is strong.
438.
438.
Every valid argument is strong
439.
439.
Every valid argument has some true premises.
440.
440.
Every strong argument is sound.
441.
441.
Every strong argument is valid.
442.
442.
Every weak argument is sound.
443.
443.
Every weak argument has a true conclusion.
444.
444.
Every weak argument has some true premises.
445.
445.
Every valid argument is sound.
446.
446.
Guideline A for your paper says to use a title that
identifies your topic.T
447.
447.
Guideline A for your paper says to identify your stand on
your paper topic.
448.
448.
Guideline B for your paper says to take stands on issues
throughout your term paper.
449.
449. The
term paper is worth 50% of your grade.
450.
450.
Guideline C says you should sweep counterarguments under the
rug to ignore them.
451.
451.
Guideline C says you should present and fully explore
counterarguments.
452.
452.
Guideline D says you should insist that there are no values
or knowledge for you to use in your term paper.
453.
453.
Guideline E says extra effort exhibits excellence.
454.
454.
Guideline H says you should maximize assumptions.
455.
455.
Guideline I says you should avoid specificity.
456.
456.
Guideline M says you should use a new paragraph to indicate
the first occurrence of a major new idea in your term paper.
457.
457.
Guideline S says to increase your use of negative terms like
‘no,’ ‘not,’ and ‘never.’
458.
458.
Primum non nocere means Prime No Pumps.
459.
459.
"Primum non nocere" is not Latin.
460.
460.
Hippocrates of Cos rejected Primum non nocere.
461.
461.
Nietzsche lived 1844-1900.
462.
462.
Nietzsche lived 1944-2000.
463.
463.
Guideline F requires quoting every word of a moral
principle's definition if you write on a moral topic.
464.
464.
Guideline F requires quoting all words of the definition of L
the first time you use it in a C section, probably in section 2C of
your term
paper.
465.
465. If
you can read the conclusion off the diagram of a
categorical syllogism’s premises in a Venn Diagram, then that
syllogism is an
invalid argument.
466.
466. If
an argument is valid, then it must have at least one true
premise.
467.
467. If
an argument is valid, then it must have a true conclusion.
468.
468. If
an argument is valid and it has a true conclusion, then it
must be sound.
469.
469. If
an argument is valid, then it must have a false premise.
470.
470. The
following is a) ad hominem, the natural/unnatural fallacy
or modus ponens; or b) false dilemma, slippery slope or special
pleading: We
can recognize that athletes that participate in sports must be given
special
consideration within our grading system, or we can let the university
sink into
athletic oblivion.
471.
471. The
following is a) appeal to authority; b) appeal to
ignorance: Despite endless efforts, no one has been able to prove that
God
exists; we may just as well stop trying and accept the truth: there is
no God.
472.
472. The
following is a) hasty generalization or post hoc ergo
propter hoc; b) natural/unnatural fallacy or appeal to ignorance:
Alicia
started gaining more weight than ever when she started taking Slimdown;
the
stuff must be fattening!
473.
473. The
following is a) false dilemma or slippery slope or b) ad
populum: No sensible person would support the Equal Rights Amendment.
If it
were to pass, we would have women in combat and unisex bathrooms.
Eventually,
we would not even be able to tell the women from the men!
474.
474. The
following is: a) ad hominem; b) appeal to authority: How
can Clinton be leading this country! He's a draft-dodging, pot-smoking,
womanizer!!
475.
475. The
following is: a) ad hominem; b) appeal to authority:
Michael Jordan wore that brand, so those must to be the best basketball
shoes.
476.
476. The
following is a) appeal to pity; b) ad hominem: Don't
ignore the woman who gave you birth, raised you, loved you then, and
loves you
still. Remember your mom on Mother's Day.
477.
477. The
following is a) ad hominem; b) ad populum: So what if I
didn't claim all of the money I earned on my taxes? Lots of people
underreport
their income.
478.
478. The
following is: a) appeal to pity; b) appeal to authority:
That's gotta be a great line of clothes. Have you seen the prices and
the
people endorsing it?
479.
479. In
a Venn diagram, universal claims must be diagrammed after
particular claims.
480.
480. The
middle term is the term that appears on the right in the
conclusion.
481.
481. The
minor term is the term that appears twice in the premises
but not at all in the conclusion.
482.
482. The
major term is the term that appears on the left in the
conclusion.
483.
483.
Every valid argument is sound.
484.
484.
Every valid argument is sound.
485.
485.
Every invalid argument is unsound.
486.
486.
Every invalid argument is strong.
487.
487.
Every invalid argument is unsound.
488.
488.
Every invalid argument is weak.
489.
489.
Every invalid argument has some true premises.
490.
490.
Every strong argument has a conclusion that is necessarily
true.
491.
491.
Every invalid argument has some false premises.
492.
492. Dr.
H argues that moral relativism is false.
493.
493. Dr.
H thinks there are good, rational arguments for basic
values such as fairness.
494.
494. Dr.
H said appeal to authority is valid.
495.
495. Dr.
H argued that the weight of the evidence supports the
conclusion that President Kennedy was assassinated by a conspiracy.
496.
496. Dr.
H argued that the motion of President Kennedy back and to
the left after he is shot at frame 313 of The Zapruder Film is more
consistent
with a shot from the grassy knoll to Kennedy’s right front rather
than to
Oswald’s alleged position of being back and to the right of
Kennedy.
497.
497. Dr.
H argued that autopsy photos and the consensus of the
testimony of docs and nurses and others who saw President
Kennedy’s head wound
indicated an exit wound out the back of President Kennedy’s head.
498.
498. Dr.
H reported that the view of the Warren Commission and
others who think U.S. Marine Lee Harvey Oswald alone killed President
Kennedy
is that Oswald shot Kennedy in the head from behind.
499.
499. Dr.
H in class clarified that the Indian mathematicians who
invented the zero were South Asian Indians.
500.
500. In
class, Dr. H said Sagan was really Satan.
501.
501. Dr.
H in class said that there are no dumb questions because
the thing more likely to be dumb would be to have a question and expect
it to
be answered in a timely way without even asking it, as if others were
excellent
mindreaders with an interest to answer unasked questions of yours in
particular.
502.
502. Dr
H said in class that the best approach to questions
generally is to adopt the policy on a sign in the 1960s TV show The
Prisoner
which states “Questions Are a Burden to Others.”
503.
503. Dr.
H reported that Bertrand Russell was an English Lord,
philosopher and winner of the Nobel prize for literature.
504.
504. Dr.
H reported that dark matter evidently constitutes 96% of
the matter in the universe.
505.
505. Dr.
H reported in class that President Ronald Reagan, who
became president in 1981 and was re-elected president in 1984, believed
in
astrology.
506.
506. Dr.
H thinks that J.B.S. Haldane on page 206 of Sagan and
Friedrich Nietzsche show a reasonable scientific basis for believing
that every
one of us will live an infinite number of years.
507.
507. Dr.
H thinks moral relativism is closer to the truth than
moral realism.
508.
508. Dr.
H thinks there are counterexamples to the usual
formulation of the Golden Rule.
509.
509. Dr.
H says that critical thinking requires us to view some
offers skeptically when they seem too good to be true.
510.
510.
Term papers are due @ the end of the term (that is, the end
of the final exam)
511.
511. The
term paper is worth 50% of your course grade.
512.