Sterling Harwood

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS: Set 1

Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) 1: For all courses, how can I most easily use this website?

For all classes, the keys to most easily using our website are to have a positive attitude toward our website and to use Control + F -- and the table of contents below -- to search for key words or phrases in our website. I have tried to put the most important questions and answers toward the top of the website, to minimize the scrolling you have to do. Using Control + F minimizes scrolling, too. Avoid printing out the website, for these reasons: 1) the website is over 225 pages long in Font size 12; 2) much or even most of the website will be irrelevant to your work in the course, since most of the website consists of quotations you can use in your paper; but there is only one paper due and there are about 7 topics with up to 147 quotes on each topic; 3) importantly, relying on one printout means you miss all updates after you print out the website; 4) printing out the website, especially more than once to get updates, is environmentally wasteful of paper; 5) most importantly, a printout can't give you the crucial Control + F window to search the website with pushbutton ease; and 6) the pages of your printout might not be numbered (since the website lacks page numbers) and so the printout may be hard to organize. Avoid being intimidated by the size of our website, since every part of our website is designed to help students. So having a large website is like having a large friend or a large library. Besides, you don't let the large size of the library on campus intimidate you; you see that as a great resource due to its large size. The same applies here. Anyway, whatever your attitude, you can read the table of contents below (29 FAQs) to find what you want in fewer than 5 minutes and you can search this website with pushbutton ease for key words or phrases by holding down the Control key and then hitting the F key. A window will then appear and then you should type in the word or phrase for which you wish to search. If that fails, simply use the table of contents below to find your way around this website. Scroll to the FAQ that gives you the answer you seek or simply use Control + F to search for the FAQ. It's pushbutton easy and as easy as reading the TV Guide or a comic book. Indeed, in some ways it is easier to read than a comic book, since you won't be distracted by pictures and since the font is typed and thus easier to read than a comic book's handwritten font.

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR THIS WEBSITE

Here is the absolutely crucially important table of contents for the website:

FAQ1: For all courses, how can I most easily use this website?

FAQ2: For all courses, what is Dr. Harwood's contact info and when did Dr. Harwood last revise this website, and what were his latest revisions?

FAQ3: What's the syllabus for PHIL 10 Summer 2010 @ San Jose City College?

FAQ4: For PHIL 60 Spring 2010 @ EVC, what's the test bank (list of questions eligible for quizzes, tests and exams) so far?

FAQ5: For all courses, what are Dr. Harwood's CRUCIALLY important Guidelines A-Z for Creating & Grading Papers & Presentations?

FAQ6: For all courses, what is a good sample paper for us to read to help us write our term paper in ABC format?

FAQ7: For all courses, what is the required ABC format for organizing papers (unless otherwise stated on the greensheet or syllabus)?

FAQ8: For all courses, what are the 5 moral principles we should use AS OFTEN AS POSSIBLE if we write on any moral or political topic such as affirmative action, gun control, capital punishment, gay marriage, gays in the military, abortion, euthanasia, prostitution, or surrogate motherhood, legalizing drugs, legalizing homosexuality?

FAQ9: For all courses, what are the 7 truth tips we should try to use to discover truth generally and try to use in section C of our ABC sets in our term papers?

FAQ10: For all courses, what are 33 fallacies to avoid committing and to expose and disagree with when others commit them?

FAQ11: For all courses, what is Dr. Harwood's introductory lecture in philosophy?

FAQ12: For all courses, what are some arguments on euthanasia (mercy killing) that students have the option of evaluating in a paper?

FAQ13: coming soon to a computer screen near you

FAQ14: For all classes, what are 184 quotations on human nature that students may choose from to use in the A sections of their papers to evaluate (and in the C sections of their papers to help them evaluate quotations in their A sections)?

FAQ15: For all courses, what are some arguments on gun control that students may use in a paper on gun control?

FAQ16: For all courses, what are some affirmative action quotes students may use in a paper on affirmative action?

FAQ17: For all courses, what are some quotations on prostitution students may use in a paper about whether or not to legalize prostitution?

FAQ18: For all courses, what are some quotes on the Baby M/Surrogate Motherhood case which students can use in a paper about surrogate motherhood?

FAQ19: For all courses, what are up to 100 (or more) miscellaneous, assorted quotes we may choose from to use in any approved paper topic for which they are relevant (ask Dr. Harwood if there is any doubt about their relevance for an approved paper topic and note that your paper must be on only one of the approved paper topics; avoid combining paper topics)?

FAQ20: For all courses, what are some arguments on capital punishment that students may use in a paper on capital punishment?

FAQ 21: For PHIL 65 Spring 2010 @ EVC, what's the test bank (list of questions eligible for quizzes, tests and exams) so far?

FAQ22: For all courses (except those excluded below), how may we view videos and earn extra credit on our exams, quizzes & tests (40% of your course grade at EVC & SJCC)?

FAQ23: For PHIL 10 and PHIL 60 students only, what are some quotes on rationalism versus empiricism that students may use in a paper on rationalism versus empiricism?

FAQ24: For all courses, what quotes show that the Golden Rule is accepted in at least 7 different cultures or religions?

FAQ25: For all courses, what guidelines should I follow to make email communication with Dr. Harwood most helpful to all concerned?

FAQ26: For all courses, how can I rewrite my paper to try to get a higher grade?

FAQ27: What are the 8 requirements for earning 3 extra credit points for every American War (note that one student seems to have found 48 American wars I list at the end of FAQ27 and thus seems to have earned 144 extra credit points)?

FAQ28: For all courses, how can we get our work back after the course is over?

FAQ29: For all courses, what is Dr. Harwood's essay published as "Is Inheritance Immoral?" chapter 44 in Louis P. Pojman's book Political Philosophy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002)?

FAQ30: For all classes, how can students earn up to 15 extra credit points on an approximately 30-foot bronze and white marble statue of Confucius?

FAQ31: For all classes, what videos have we seen in class so far?

FAQ32: For all classes, what are some pros and cons of capital punishment?

FAQ33: For all classes, what are some pros and cons of moral relativism?

FAQ34: For all classes, what are some pros and cons of affirmative action?

FAQ35: For all classes, what is Dr. Harwood's overview of Philosophy of Religion?

FAQ36: COMING SOON TO A COMPUTER SCREEN NEAR YOU

FAQ37: For all classes, what are 10 top quotes from Plato that students can use in the A-sections of a term paper they write on Plato?

FAQ38: FOR PHIL 10 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY @ EVC M&W 915-1040AM IN ROOM P106B, WHAT IS THE SYLLABUS?

FAQ39: What are 7 possible contradictions in Buddhism?

FAQ40: For all courses, what are more than 20 quotations by or about Confucius (551-479 BC) that students may use in the A-sections (and the C sections) of a term paper?

FAQ41: For all courses, what are some quotations on the paper topic of legalizing currently illegal drugs that students may use in the A-sections (and C-sections) of their papers?

FAQ42: For all courses, what is Chief Seattle's emotionally gut-wrenching letter on environmentalism?

FAQ43: COMING SOON TO A COMPUTER SCREEN NEAR YOU

FAQ44: For all courses, what's the weirdest thing that Dr. Harwood thinks just might surprise us by being true, and/or what's the most unlikely conspiracy theory that Dr. Harwood thinks still rewards investigation, and/or what are 23 reasons to start questioning President Richard Nixon's claim that all 6 landings of humans on the moon in history occurred 1969-1972 during the first term of Nixon's shortened presidency?

FAQ45: For all courses, what are 57 abortion quotes students may use in the A-sections of their term papers (and in the C-sections of their term papers, where any quote properly cited may be used) if they choose the option of writing on abortion?

FAQ46: What is the roster of the students in Dr. Harwood's PHIL 60 course at Evergreen Valley College for Spring 2010?

FAQ47: What is the roster of students in Dr. Harwood's PHIL 65 course at Evergreen Valley College for Spring 2010?

FAQ48: For Lincoln Law School's "Law & Logic" Summer 2010, what are the paper topics approved?

FAQ49: What is the T/F Practice Final Exam in Torts, Lincoln Law School, Spring 2010?

FAQ50: For PHIL 10 Summer 2010 at San Jose City College, what's my grade?

FAQ51: WHAT IS THE TEST BANK (LIST OF ALL QUESTIONS ELIGIBLE FOR ALL REGULAR TESTS, EXAMS AND QUIZZES) FOR PHIL 10 SJCC SUMMER 2010?

A) For PHIL 10 SJCC Summer 2010, in the answer to FAQ51 he added 'Hume' to fix a typo in question 135 and he corrected the numbering in the answer to FAQ51 by moving the second question listed as question 344 to question 62, which had been missing; the rest of the numbers stay the same;

B) For PHIL 10 SJCC Summer 2010, started to add grades by code in the answer to FAQ50;

C) For PHIL 10 SJCC Summer 2010, added the rest of the reading assignments to the answer for FAQ3;

D) For all courses, added 57 quotes on abortion as FAQ47;

E) For all courses, added 184 quotes on human nature to FAQ14

F) For PHIL 10 SJCC Summer 2010, added the syllabus for PHIL 10 Summer 2010 @ San Jose City College as the answer to FAQ3, and move the previous FAQ3 (and its previous answer) to the end of the site as the new FAQ50;

G) For Lincoln Law School "Law & Logic" students, summer 2010, reminded students that he added FAQ48: "What are the Paper topics Prof. Harwood has Approved So far for Lincoln Law School’s 'Law & Logic'?" near the end of this site;

FAQ3: What's the Syllabus for PHIL 10 Summer 2010 @ San Jose City College?

Syllabus Summer 2010 PHIL 10 Introduction to Philosophy @ San Jose City College, M-TH 9-1105am, Start 6/21/10 & last class & final exam on 7/29/10; Classroom B209; Section 101; Reg ID 58027

1. FACULTY MEMBER: Sterling Harwood, J.D., Ph.D., Attorney at Law

2. PHONES: 408-259-7777 (home office & 24-hour voicemail); 408-687-8199 (cell). Feel free to call me anytime, since I simply turn off my phone when I can't take any more calls. So you won't disturb my beauty sleep

3. FAX: to be announced

4. WEBSITE THAT IS CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT (Homepage): www.sterlingharwood.com. This will fill in for our required textbooks if they are unavailable at the campus bookstore. Our site has hundreds of pages of material to help you answer frequently asked questions, help you write your term paper, and generally help you excel. So remember to use Control + F to search it for key words and remember to use the table of contents, too. Guidelines A-Z on this website are crucial to writing and your term paper. I plan to put them on reserve @ the request of any student. Students who see me to establish a code can have their grades regularly posted on this website. I plan to post the answers to all previous tests on the site so you can unofficially grade yourself by keeping track of your answers.

5. EMAIL: svharwood1@aol.com. It is urgently important that you avoid emailing me any attachments, since viruses are too often unintentionally spread that way, especially while we are at war with terrorists, including cyberterrorists. Thanks for helping me help you by avoiding delays in my service to you due to viruses. For faster response, call me after emailing me to let me know there's an email from you waiting for me to answer. In every email to me put in the subject line: 1) your first name; 2) your last name; 3) “PHIL 10”; and 4) “Summer 10”.

6. OFFICE HOURS & OTHER TIMES AVAILABLE: Office hours are by appointment only. I’m also usually after each class for a few minutes and any other time by appointment. It is important to call me promptly if you have any questions on how to do your assignments that are not answered by this syllabus, sample papers on reserve in SJCC library, or www.sterlingharwood.com . For ease and efficiency check those 3 other sources first before calling me, since they usually explain matters in more detail and with more clarity than I can on the phone. I answer calls much faster than emails, which I often check only late at night. I will be happy to return your call with instructions if leave your number and the question you want me to answer. I am always happy to answer any remaining procedural questions during breaks and after class, but not during valuable class time because we have so much of substance to cover during that time.

7. BIO: see the Wikipedia entry for Sterling Harwood: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Harwood . Dr. Sterling Harwood (B.A. in Philosophy, 1980 University of Maryland; J.D. 1983 Cornell Law School; M.A. in Philosophy, 1986 Cornell University; Ph.D. in Philosophy, 1992 Cornell University) is a practicing attorney at law (Licensed, State Bar Number 194746; see www.calbar.ca.gov) and is the author of Judicial Activism: A Restrained Defense (Austin & Winfield 1996). He edited and wrote 24 chapters of Business as Ethical & Business as Usual (Jones & Bartlett, now Wadsworth 1995), co-edited with Michael Gorr Crime & Punishment: Philosophic Explorations (Jones & Bartlett, now Wadsworth 1994), and co-edited with Michael Gorr Controversies in Criminal Law (Westview Press, 1992). He is working on a revised edition to Judicial Activism: A Restrained Defense, for which he has been offered a book contract by University Press of America, and on a new textbook on critical thinking. For more than 5 months Dr. Harwood worked full-time for President Obama in The Commerce Dept. Dr. Harwood became a practicing lawyer in 1998. He has been teaching since 1981 and still isn't tired! He has taught philosophy for more than 14 years in the Evergreen Valley College/San Jose City College Community College District and has earned Seniority Rehire Preference here. He has taught courses in philosophy and some other departments for more than 7 years (more than 45 courses since 1989) at San Jose State University. He has taught more than 65 courses, mainly in philosophy and sociology, at University of Phoenix since 1998 (including online and onground) and has also taught at the following: Cornell University; Cornell Law School; Foothill College, San Jose City College; Evergreen Valley College; West Valley Community College; Chabot College; Hobart & William Smith Colleges; Illinois State University; and Masters Institute of Technology. Dr. Harwood is married to a vivacious Vietnamese-American lady named Tina Le Harwood, who is a Commercial Loan Officer at Wells Fargo Bank. They have two delightful daughters ages 9 and 7, Heather Harwood and Holly Harwood, respectively. The Harwood family is also proud to include a beagle named Toby and a chihuahua named Yoda (aka Mr. Biggles). The Harwood family lives in San Jose, CA. Dr. Harwood’s hobbies include being a fan of major league baseball, the NFL, and the NBA, buying low and selling high on ebay, viewing films of almost all kinds, and hiking to try to find aircraft known to be missing in remote areas (for example, billionaire Steve Fossett’s formerly missing plane; see generally, www.wreckchaser.com, Indiana Jones and CSI).

8. TWO REQUIRED TEXTBOOKS

1) REQUIRED: Sterling Harwood, ed., Business as Ethical and Business as Usual: Text, Readings, and Cases (originally Jones and Bartlett Publishing, now Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1996), 582 pages. Ask Dr. H in class for the contact info of some former students who wish to sell their copies. Check the campus bookstore, amazon.com, bn.com and elsewhere for availability and prices.

2) REQUIRED: T. Z. Lavine, From Socrates to Sartre: The Philosophic Quest (Bantom, 1985), 448 pages. Check the campus bookstore, amazon.com, bn.com and elsewhere for availability and prices.

9. COURSE ASSIGNMENTS:

1. Class Participation; attendance & speaking; every class = 15%

2. Term Paper; ABC format described on www.sterlingharwood.com& in class; approved topic; due by email without attachment (copy and paste into an email to me) by 1159pm PT on August 2, 2010 (if you fail to have an email receipt for early submission by email by the final exam on July 29, 2010, then you must bring a hardcopy version to me and get a signed, hardcopy receipt from me or risk failing to get credit (and thus failing our course) if your email fails to reach me in time (email can be unreliable) = 45%

3. True/False Tests, Exams & Quizzes, all extra credit; almost every class = 40%

Note: since the term paper is worth 45%, a failing grade on the term paper means a failing grade for the course (the remaining 55% is insufficient to get the minimum of 60% to earn at least a D). I am unable to remember any student ever failing a class of mine after the student submitted on time a term paper that qualifies to get a grade (on an approved paper topic, in ABC format, without plagiarism, etc.).

10. GRADING CRITERIA: Any missed time in class (for example, arriving late to class at the start, arriving late to class after a break, or leaving early before the start of the quiz or exam at the end of every class) reduces your class participation grade to the extent that you miss class time. Further, good class participation raises borderline grades, which are common. Perfect attendance will still get a class participation grade of only C- if you never speak in class. Perfect attendance with only 1 unexcused absence will get a class participation grade of D+ if you never speak in class. Perfect attendance with only 2 unexcused absences will get a class participation grade of D if you never speak in class. Perfect attendance except for less than 3 hours of unexcused absences gets a grade of D+ if you never speak in class. Perfect attendance except for only 3 hours of unexcused absences will get a class participation grade of D if you never speak in class. Perfect attendance with more than 3 hours of unexcused absences will get a class participation grade of D- if you never speak in class. If you speak in class, then I will use my judgment about the quality and quantity of your speaking to help you make up for unexcused absences in your class participation grade and to raise your class participation grade generally. (Obviously, I will make reasonable accommodations for disabilities and so you may communicate in class in another way if you are physically unable to speak.) The more you speak in class, following my classroom management rules, the higher your class participation grade will be. Arriving late or leaving early lower your class participation grade in accordance to how much classtime you miss without excuse. You have the option to earn an A on class participation if you give a class presentation of 3 ABC sets on one of the approved paper topics. See my 26 guidelines A-Z on www.sterlingharwood.com for more info on how I grade your papers. These guidelines are to be read within the context of any applicable Faculty Handbook guidelines for grading and are meant to be a supplement to them to give you more specifics and help.

Requirements for an Incomplete: The student must have the excuse of an unavoidable circumstance preventing completion of the course on time, and the student must use my voicemail or email to notify me of this circumstance on the earliest possible day. Only I will make the initial determination on what circumstances were/are unavoidable. Students may appeal to our Dean, if necessary.

11. MAKE-UP POLICY: I allow some students to make up missed exams by answering extra questions at the final exam, but only if those students have written an alleged excuse for missing those exams and submitted that writing to me more than 24 hours before the start of the final exam. Further, you may make up work only if the excuse of an unavoidable circumstance prevents you from submitting your work on time and you use my voicemail or email to notify me of the unavoidable circumstance on the earliest possible day. Only I make the initial determination on what circumstances were/are unavoidable. Students may appeal to our Dean, if necessary. Papers submitted late without excuse mean that the student cannot receive a grade of A in our course, but it is generally better to submit the paper late than never to submit it. Papers submitted late by more than 24 hours without excuse mean the student cannot receive a grade higher than C in our course. Papers submitted more than 48 hours late without excuse mean the student cannot receive a grade higher than D in our course. Papers submitted without excuse after grades are due to be submitted to admissions and records cannot count at all toward your grade.

12. GRADING SCALE: I use letter grades on a 0 (F) to 4.0 (A) scale on papers and I use points for tests (quizzes or exams). Convert points on tests into letter grades as follows: 0-59% = F; 60-62% = D-; 63-66% = D; 67-69% = D+; 70-72% = C-; 73-76% = C; 77-79% = C+; 80-82% = B-; 83-86% = B; 87-89% = B+; 90-92% = A-; 93-100% = A. EVC does not allow grades of A+, but I informally keep track of them, so that I can use them only in writing a letter of recommendation for you if you receive a course grade of A and ask me to write one for you. I hope everyone earns an A. I do not grade on a curve where students compete with each other for spaces along the curve. Everyone can earn an A. Another student earning an A does not make it any less likely that you will earn an A. We have cooperation not cutthroat competition in this course, but of course you may not cheat or plagiarize. I plan to give a failing grade for the course to any student I catch committing plagiarism. Here is the basic policy on honesty.

13. COLLEGE HONESTY POLICY: The College and I expect students to write their own papers and to avoid copying from another student or author (which is plagiarism). Consequences of such actions will lead to a reduction of your course grade to F for the class, suspension from the class, and may lead to expulsion from the college. Violations of standards include but are not limited to the following: altering grades; altering or forging college documents, records or identification; copying from someone's test or allowing someone to copy your test; copying from an author's work without giving credit (plagiarism; and Dr. Harwood adds that changing a few words here and there does not prevent plagiarism); doing an assignment (for example, a term paper or essay) for another student or asking, paying, bribing, or blackmailing someone to do an assignment for you; sitting in for someone in class or on a test or having someone sit in class for you if not authorized by the instructor; submitting work previously presented in another class ifnot authorized by the instructor; during an exam, using or consulting other test or course material not authorized by the instructor; possession of an examination or materials not authorized by the instructor. Consequences may include one or more of the following actions by appropriate college officials: receiving a failing grade on the test, paper or exam; course grade lowered, possibly resulting in course failure (and Dr. Harwood adds that he will fail for the course any student caught cheating or plagiarizing); verbal or written reprimand/warning; suspension for a longer specified time; expulsion from college.

14. ATTENDANCE POLICY: "Students are expected to maintain regular and prompt attendance in all classes. Instructors shall maintain a record of students' attendance in class." VI. Instruction Policies 6070.1 12/19/89. Similar policies apply to all colleges and universities where I teach. See your counselor for details.

15. WITHDRAWAL/DROP POLICY: It is the ultimate responsibility of the student to formally drop the class. You should not rely on the instructor to drop you froma class for non-attendance. At EVC, you may drop by telephone using the STAR system (223-0300) or by completing the proper forms in the Office of Admissions and Records. To be eligible for a refund of fees and/or prevent a recording grade of 'F' or 'W,' you must drop the class on or before posted date. Similar policies are in effect @ FH. See your counselor or admissions and records for important details.

16. GENERAL EDUCATION LEARNING OUTCOMES: These apply mainly to EVC but FH has somewhat similar outcomes. General eduction is the college's commitment to provide students with a broad set of knowledge and skills that will help each student in their process of becoming a well-rounded healthy person equipped to participate wisely in the health of our community. It requires a carefully selected set of courses and activities on the part of the college and active reflection on the part of the student. This course participates in the general eduction process by including the following Gerneral Education Outcomes: improving the student's experience and abilities in the areas listed below. These outcomes contribute to the General Education areas of emphasis stated in the accreditation standards and District General Education Philosophy (pending) checked below:

1. civic responsibility (local, national, global); civility; computer literacy; critical analysis/logical thinking; cultural diversity; ethical principles; historical sensitivity; information competency; oral communication including speaking and listening; political involvement (local, national, global); social responsibility (local, national, global); teamwork (ability to work and solve problems as a team); written communication.

17. COURSE DESCRIPTION & OVERVIEW: The course catalog says: “Introductory survey of basic principles and concerns of philosophy and of philosophical questions. Examines selected concepts concerned with the meaning and nature of reality, knowledge, morals, religion, aesthetics and issues of social and political concern.” We will learn much introductory knowledge about philosophy generally and the following in particular: 1) social and political philosophy, including just war theory and alleged justifications of violence; 2) philosophy of religion; 3) ethics and moral philosophy; 4) epistemology; 5) ontology and metaphysics; 6) logic and critical reasoning; 7) legal philosophy; 8) rationalism versus empiricism; 9) theism versus atheism; 10) realism versus antirealism; 11) materialism versus idealism versus dualism; 12) philosophy of art and aesthetics. For a list of questions we plan to consider, see the list of term paper topics in this syllabus. We will learn 32 fallacies, errors in reasoning, to avoid. We will learn the definitions and applications of soundness, validity, strength, and truth in evaluating arguments as reliable or unreliable guides to the truth of their respective conclusions. We will study probability, including how it is applied to gambling and other games of chance. When engaged in moral and political philosophy, we will examine and apply 5 sets of moral principles – egalitarianism, libertarianism, utilitarianism, perfectionism (also known as virtue ethics) and prima facie principles – to a wide variety of topics, including the current war in Iraq, the current war in Afghanistan, the current war against terrorism, abortion, surrogate motherhood, cloning humans, human stem cell research, gun control, euthanasia (also known as mercy killing), gay marriage, affirmative action, capitalism, socialism, globalization, NAFTA, nuclear power, global warming, acid rain, endangered species, pollution, and much more.

18. FORTY-TWO APPROVED PAPER TOPICS FROM WHICH YOU NEED TO CHOOSE ONLY 1: Approved topics for your paper are announced below, but all papers must be done in the ABC format exemplified imperfectly but usefully in sample papers on reserve in EVC library, explained in class and on www.sterlingharwood.com . Approved topics: You must compare a minimum of 6 quotations about ethics from any published and named writer(s) who try to give arguments or answers to the questions below. If you wish to use an anonymous quotation, then you must get Dr. Harwood’s written permission in advance. There is no maximum number of quotations or minimum or maximum requirements for the length of your paper. I hereby approve the following paper (and presentation) topics:

1) Pick any two thinkers listed in the index of the textbook listed above – or that you get Dr. Harwood to approve in writing in advance of your work on your paper – and argue that one of the two has a position on a philosophical issue that is more defensible than the other.

2) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com (which are also in Ch.4 of this book on reserve in our campus library: Sterling Harwood, Business as Ethical and Business as Usual), has America’s current war in Iraq been moral?;

3) Does human nature exist and, if it does, is it primarily good, primarily evil or primarily a mixed bag, and is it more fixed than flexible or more flexible than fixed?

4) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com has America's current war on terrorism been moral?

5) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, should prostitution be legalized, as it is in some counties of Nevada?;

6) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, should pornographic films and books be legal?;

7) Does God exist (that is, which is closer to the truth, atheism or theism)?

8) Is causal determinism compatible with human freedom and moral responsibility and, if so, how?

9) Which is closer to the truth, empiricism or rationalism?

10) Is moral relativism true?

11) Is relativism about all human knowledge true?

12) Is moral skepticism true?

13) Is skepticism about all human knowledge true?

14) Which is closer to the truth, materialism, dualism or idealism?

15) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, is comparable worth moral?;

16) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, is feminism moral?;

17) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, is capitalism more moral than socialism?;

18) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, is Rush Limbaugh right about environmentalism?;

19) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, what currently illegal drugs (if any) should the government legalize and under what circumstances?;

20) Based on facts and logic generally, is moral relativism more justified than moral realism?;

21) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, is more gun control than we already have morally required?;

22) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, is cloning of humans moral?;

23) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, is capital punishment (also known as the death penalty or execution) moral?

25) Which is closer to the truth, Darwinism, creationism or Intelligent Design Theory?

26) What’s the most logical explanation of the evidence for extraterrestrial UFOs, and what would be the greatest significance philosophically of discovering the existence of alien life from other planets?

27) Addressing some philosophical issues of social or political concern, and using the assassination of President Kennedy as a test case to apply logical principles of weighing evidence and evaluating argument, what’s the most logical explanation of President Kennedy’s death (including whether there was a conspiracy and whether Oswald was guilty as charged)?

28) Addressing some philosophical issues of social or political concern, and using the death of Princess Diana as a test case to apply logical principles of weighing evidence and evaluating argument, what’s the most logical explanation of Princess Diana’s death, which is still under official government investigation 8 years after she died (including whether there was a conspiracy to kill her).

29) Based on the 5 moral principles on sterlingharwood.com, is abortion moral?;

30) Based on the 5 moral principles on sterlingharwood.com, is any form of affirmative action moral?;

31) Based on the 5 moral principles on sterlingharwood.com, is surrogate motherhood immoral?;

32) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, is euthanasia (mercy killing) moral?;

33) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, is gay marriage moral?;

34) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, is gay adoption moral?;

35) Is existentialism defensible?

36) Is phenomenology defensible?

37) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, is stem cell research moral?;

38) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, is allowing gays in the military moral?;

39) Is astrology logical?

40) Which of the theories in philosophy of art discussed on www.sterlingharwood.com is most defensible?

41) Based on the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com, is America's current war in Afghanistan been moral?

42) What is the meaning of life?

19. IMPORTANT NOTE: One of the biggest mistakes students make in this class is writing on one of the topics above starting with “Based on the 5 moral principles …” and failing to include any of the 5 moral principles in the paper submitted. That mistake means you wrote on an unapproved topic and can get no credit for your paper. The same is true if you fail to put your paper into the required ABC format. If you want another topic approved, besides the topics approved above, see me to try to get approval before you begin writing, but all topics approved require discussing as many of the 5 moral principles as possible in your C sections of the ABC format. Sample papers in ABC format will be available for you to read in EVC Library. No assignment has any minimum or maximum length, but you must evaluate (using our ABC format) at least 6 -- and preferably as many more than 6 as you can -- quotations in the final version of your paper. I expect all students to do their best and to enjoy the course. Enjoy your work enough to take the time to think well about it, re-read it and proofread it carefully. See guideline R of guidelines A-Z on www.sterlingharwood.com . All written work must be typed (or word-processed) double-spaced with 1" margins on all 4 sides of regular (no onion skin) white 8 1/2" x 11" paper. This means that each page should have about 10 words per line and 25 lines per page (for a total of about 255 words per page maximum). Each page of your papers, except perhaps your last page, MUST have a minimum of about 245 words following the margins described above. I expect everyone to cooperate well in his or her learning team when we break into learning teams in class. I expect us to think critically and thus be logical and reasonable throughout the course. This obviously includes treating each other with patience and fairness.

20. EXPECTATIONS: SAVE YOUR WORK: I require that you save copies of all work you submit for a grade, and keep these copies for at least one year after you receive your grade for the course. Failure to save your work for one year means that you may lose any appeal of your grade for the paper and for the course. I require a copy of your paper, and all or almost all other graded work, to consider any appeal of your grade for the course. Protecting privacy prevents production of information about grades of any particular student by email, fax or phone. I already announced this policy in our syllabus and repeatedly announced this policy in our class. If you wish to discuss your grade, then you need to make an appointment to meet me and bring your student photo ID to our meeting. If a student has a problem, the problem is usually that 1) I never received a paper or 2) never received a paper on time or 3) I never received a paper in the proper format (for example, ABC format and with moral principles for papers on topics in moral philosophy such as, for example, affirmative action, euthanasia, capital punishment, abortion, gun control, surrogate motherhood, gay marriage, and cloning). So if – repeat if – your problem is that you think I lack your paper, then feel free to fax, mail or email -- no attachments accepted -- me your paper and ask me to update your grade in person by appointment, if possible. I require that you report to me any work you fail to receive back without a grade by the next class after the class in which you allegedly submitted the missing work. You must get a signed receipt from me during that next class or else your report of missing work you submitted will be rejected as untimely and you risk losing credit for doing that work and being ineligible to redo that work if it remains missing. This applies to index cards submitted for a grade (extra credit or otherwise) and all other graded work. This new rule is in response to a student last semester who claimed in an untimely way that he submitted some index cards and never received them back. I have doubts about whether the student ever submitted the supposedly missing work on time, since no one else reported such missing work and it seems highly unlikely that his work alone would disappear class after class while others’ work failed to disappear. If you experience a disappearing index card (submitted but never returned), then I require you to make a backup photocopy (or handwritten copy) of all future index cards submitted. You must get a signed receipt from me for the final exam, any submission of any version of your term paper, and any quiz, exam or test worth more than 12 points. Failure to get that signed receipt means that if the work disappears, then I may decide to give you no credit for it and may refuse to allow you to make it up.

21. EXPECTATIONS: CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT RULES INCLUDE:

A. No blurting = raise your hand and patiently wait for Dr. Harwood to call on you before speaking. I certainly plan promptly to call on everyone who raises his or her hand.

B. No murmuring = avoid side-conversations (or talking to yourself) that are loud enough for Dr. Harwood to hear. Dr. Harwood has excellent hearing, so he recommends that you pass notes back and forth in a non-distracting way rather than murmur. Murmuring tends to distract you from what Dr. Harwood is saying and tends to distract other students and sometimes even risks distracting Dr. Harwood. Stay focused on the class presentation, take detailed notes (especially since all tests are open note), and face the front of the class.

C. No lumbering = stay in your seat during class, unless you need to leave the room to take a bathroom break of course. Obviously there's no need to ask permission to leave the room; just do so as quietly as you can.

D. No consuming of or engaging in outside material during class = for example, no quilting, no reading of newspapers or magazines that are unassigned, and no listening to headphones or ear buds (hearing aids are, of course, perfectly fine).

E. No impatience = patiently listen to and follow Dr. Harwood's directions, instructions, and announcements. Patience is indeed a virtue (and a key to happiness). If you have a question about instructions, then wait until the next break or after class to discuss it unless you raise your hand during or right after Dr. Harwood gives the instructions in class.

F. Bring several blank 5” x 8” index cards (lined or unlined fails to matter; color fails to matter) to every class. Bring 2 blank Scantron 882 forms to the final exam on our last day of class. Do not try to use any differently sized index card or any other form instead of those specified above. Index cards must be of commercial quality and not homemade cards. 5” x 8” cards are often available @ the campus store, Long’s Drugs, Office Depot, Office Max, Staples, Fed Ex Kinko’s or similar stores.

22. THE BOTTOM LINE: BIGGEST MISTAKES STUDENTS MAKE IN THIS COURSE:

Tied for 1st. Failing to read carefully the instructions in this syllabus, and failing to get the required receipt for submitting your term paper, which means that if someone takes your paper from my inbox or your paper is otherwise misplaced that you will get no credit for submitting it. So get a hardcopy receipt from me when you submit your hardcopy or submit your paper by email early enough to get a receipt from me by return email. I require getting a signed receipt (or email receipt from my aol address) from me for submitting the paper; that’s the only evidence for submitting the paper that counts if I do not have your paper for whatever reason. We will not have a mini-trial or other proceeding where you try to bring witnesses or any other evidence instead of the receipt, which is required.

Tied for 1st. Writing a paper on an unapproved paper topic. This will lead to an F in the course unless you correct this problem with another term paper on an approved paper topic (and meeting all other requirements) by the deadline of the end of the final exam.

Tied for 1st. Failing to use ABC format for the term paper (and any oral presentation). You will fail the course if you fail to submit a term paper in ABC format by the end of the final exam.

Tied for 1st. Failing to include any of the 5 moral principles on www.sterlingharwood.com when doing assignments on a topic that includes the words “Based on the 5 moral principles.” You will fail the course if you submit such a paper by the end of the final exam.

5. Failing to ask me questions in a timely way after reading this syllabus and the FAQs on www.sterlingharwood.com. The syllabus and this top 12 list and the table of contents to www.sterlingharwood.com are great to try to find the answers even faster and better than I can give them to you off the top of my head (relying on memory is imperfect; written rules are best).

6. Missing time in class (absences, late arrivals, early exits that are not earned).

7. Failing to put a grid on all graded work. The grid = draw a cross & put as follows: upper left = name of student; upper right “PHIL 60” or “PHIL 1”; lower left = description of the work submitted; lower right = date submitted into my in-box (not the date you did the work or the date it was due if you are submitting it late; late work must say how many days late it is to get any credit at all; the later it is, the less credit you will receive but it’s always better late than never until the final deadline at the final exam, which will be during our last class).

8. Combining more than one paper (or presentation) topic in the same assignment.

9. Failing to read the sample paper on www.sterlingharwood.com and on reserve in the library. Note: on www.sterlingharwood.com, ‘FAQ’ = frequently asked question.

10. Failing to follow guidelines A & U by using a title and headings, respectively, as signposts to guide the readers of their papers and presentations.

11. Failing to follow guideline A by failing to make the title of their paper or presentation a claim that indicates an approved paper topic and the student’s stand on that topic.

12. Failing to save the aol website as a word file & failing to use the Control + F search and the table of contents in FAQ2 to search the website

13. Failing to realize that www.sterlingharwood.com clearly states that students may of course use the quotes I posted on www.sterlingharwood.com in the A sections of their papers & presentations in ABC format

14. Failure to take good notes, since all our tests, quizzes, and exams are open note (and open book).

23. ASSIGNED READINGS: (all quizzes will be extra credit quizzes until the end of the add period) For the assigned readings see the short form of the syllabus given to students in class in hardcopy, and then read 19 pages in TL per class beyond that for every class. Dr. H will assign one chapter per class from SH with the ones beyond the short form syllabus to be announced shortly.

M JUNE 21: THE SHORT VERSION OF THE SYLLABUS

TU JUNE 22: TL pp.1-19 & 415-418 & SH p. v & CH.1

W JUNE 23: TL pp. 20-38 & SH CH.2

TH JUNE 24: TL pp. 39-57 & SH CH.3

M JUNE 28: TL pp. 58-76 & SH CH.6

TU JUNE 29: TL pp. 77-95 & SH CH.7 & CH.4

W JUNE 30: TL pp. 96-114 & SH CH.8

TH JULY 1: TL pp. 115-133 & SH CH.9

M JULY 5: NO CLASS, INDEPENDENCE DAY CELEBRATION

TU JULY 6: TL pp. 134-152 & SH CH.11

W JULY 7: TL pp. 153-171; SH CH.12

TH JULY 8: TL pp. 172-191; SH CH.13

M JULY 12: TL pp. 192-211; SH CH.18 & CH.19

TU JULY 13: TL pp. 212-231; SH CH.20

W JULY 14: TL pp. 232-251; SH CH.24

TH JULY 15: TL pp. 252-271; SH CH.26

M JULY 19: TL pp. 272-291; SH CH.36

TU JULY 20: TL pp. 292-311; SH CH.52

W JULY 21: TL pp. 312-331; SH CH.53

TH JULY 22: TL pp. 332-351; SH CH.56

M JULY 26: TL pp. 352-371; SH CH.58

TU JULY 27: TL pp. 372-391; SH CH.93 & CH.98

W JULY 28: TL pp. 392-414; SH CH.101 & CH.104

TH JULY 29: NO MORE READING DUE; FINAL EXAM, 100 QUESTIONS IN 105 MINUTES; BRING 2 SCANTRONS 882

FAQ4: For PHIL 60 Spring 2010 @ EVC, what is the test bank (list of questions eligible for quizzes, tests and exams) so far?

I have answered at least some of the following questions in class, so you can unofficially grade your own tests and get faster feedback. We use scantrons for the final exam but all other exams/tests/quizzes must be on 5”x8” index cards. Answers submitted on anything but 5”x8” cards will be refused except for final exam answers on scantron form 882 (or 882ES).

Abbreviations & Clarifications: Note that ‘some’ means “at least one” and does not mean “only some.” Note also that ‘L’ means libertarianism, ‘E’ means egalitarianism, ‘U’ means utilitarianism, and “Dr. H” means “Dr. Sterling Harwood.” ‘Sagan’ means “Carl Sagan,” the author of one of our required textbooks.

Dr. H said in class that in the "About the Author" section found in the hardback edition of Sagan's book (but usually omitted from the paperback) is this claim: "As a community of scholars, we acknowledge with admiration his relentless pursuit of the really big question ... and the twin philosophies by which he lives and teaches: that 'Science is never finished' and that 'We make our world significant by the courage of our questions and the depth of our answers.'"

1. In Ch.12, Sagan discusses Occam’s Razor as a tool in Sagan’s baloney-detection kit.

2. In Ch.12, Sagan says part of the success of the tobacco industry in purveying a brew of addictive poisons can be attributed to widespread unfamiliarity with baloney detection, critical thinking, and the scientific method.

3. In Ch.12, Sagan asks no questions on page 205.

4. In Ch.12, Sagan gives us a baloney detection kit to use to help our critical thinking.

5. In Ch.12, Sagan says gullibility kills.

6. In Ch.12, Sagan says tobacco is, by many criteria, more addictive than heroin.

7. In Ch.12, Sagan says there was a reason people would, as the 1940s ad put it, “walk a mile for a Camel.”

8. In Ch.12, Sagan says that more people died in all of World War II than those who have died of tobacco.

9. In Ch.12, Sagan says there was no reason why people would, as the 1940s ad put it, “walk a mile for a Camel.”

10. Ch.12 is the chapter in Sagan that Dr. H says is the most important chapter in that book.

11. In Ch.12, Sagan says more people have died of tobacco than in all of World War II.

12. Regarding Ch.12 in Sagan, Dr. H thinks that on p.206 of Sagan gives a reasonable scientific basis for believing that all of us will live an infinite number of years.

13. In Ch.12, Sagan says that, according to the World Health Organization, smoking kills three million people every year worldwide.

14. In Ch.12, Sagan says the death toll from tobacco will rise to 10 million annual deaths by 2020 – in part because of a massive advertising campaign to portray smoking as advanced and fashionable to young women in the developing world.

15. In Ch.12, Sagan notes “the success of the tobacco industry …”

16. In Ch.1, Carl Sagan says the evidence for channeling is crummy.

17. In Ch.1 of Sagan, Albert Einstein says “All our science, measured against reality, is primitive and childlike – and yet it is the most precious thing we have.”

18. In Ch.1, Sagan says Plato reported the story of Atlantis as hearsay coming down to him from remote ages.

19. In Ch.1, Sagan says there are hundreds of books about Atlantis.

20. In Ch.1, Sagan says that Atlantis is the mythical continent that is said to have existed something like 10,000 years ago in the Atlantic Ocean (or somewhere; a recent book locates it in Antarctica).

21. In Ch.1, Sagan says the story of Atlantis goes back to Plato.

22. In Ch.2, Sagan says the laws of motion and the inverse square law of gravitation associated with the name of Isaac Newton are properly considered among the crowing achievements of the human species.

23. In Ch.2, Sagan says that the word “Spirit” comes from the Latin word “to breathe.”

24. In Ch.2, Sagan says science is not compatible with spirituality.

25. In Ch.2, Sagan says science is a profound source of spirituality.

26. In Ch.2, Sagan says that Taylor and Hulse were co-recipients of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics.

27. In Ch.2, Sagan says that when the findings and methods of science get through to us, when we understand and put this knowledge to use, many feel deep satisfaction, and that this is true for everyone, but especially for children – born with a zest for knowledge.

28. In Ch.2, Sagan says that when we recognize our place in an immensity of light-years and in the passage of ages, we feel so puny that we cannot be spiritual.

29. In Ch.2, Sagan says one of the great commandments of science is, “Mistrust arguments from authority.”

30. In Ch.2, Sagan says one of the great commandments of science is, “Trust arguments from authority by standing on the shoulders of the good scientists who have come before.”

31. In Ch.2, Sagan says the independence of science, its occasional unwillingness to accept conventional wisdom, makes it dangerous to doctrines less self-critical, or with pretensions to certitude.

32. In Ch.2, Sagan says that scientists, being primates, and thus given to dominance hierarchies, of course do not always follow the commandment to mistrust arguments from authority.

33. In Ch.2, Sagan said that the accuracy of Newtonian dynamics (with only tiny corrections from Einstein) is astonishing.T

34. In Ch.2, Sagan says that when the findings and methods of science get through to us, when we understand and put this knowledge to use, many feel deep satisfaction, and that this is true for everyone, but especially for children – born with a zest for knowledge.

35. In Ch.2, Sagan says that scientists, being primates, and thus given to dominance hierarchies, of course do not always follow the commandment to mistrust arguments from authority.

36. In Ch.2, Sagan says scientists, being primates, and thus given to dominance hierarchies, always follow the commandment to trust arguments from authority by standing on the shoulders of the good scientists who have come before.

37. In Ch.2 Sagan says science is not compatible with spirituality.

38. In Ch.2 Sagan says science is a profound source of spirituality.

39. In Ch.2 Sagan says that when we recognize our place in an immensity of light-years and in the passage of ages, we feel so puny that we cannot be spiritual.

40. In Ch.2, Sagan says scientists, being primates, and thus given to dominance hierarchies, always follow the commandment to trust arguments from authority by standing on the shoulders of the good scientists who have come before.

41. In Ch.2 Sagan says that when we recognize our place in an immensity of light-years and in the passage of ages, when we grasp the intricacy, beauty, and subtlty of life, then that soaring feeling, that sense of elation and humility combined is surely spiritual.

42. In Ch.2 Sagan says one of the great commandments of science is “Mistrust arguments from authority.”

43. In Ch.2, Sagan says the independence of science, its occasional unwillingness to accept conventional wisdom, makes it dangerous to doctrines less self-critical, or with pretensions to certitude.

44. In Ch.2 Sagan says the independence of science, its occasional unwillingness to accept conventional wisdom, makes it dangerous to doctrines less self-critical, or with pretensions to certitude.

45. In Ch.2, Sagan says that scientists, being primates, and thus given to dominance hierarchies, of course do not always follow the commandment to mistrust arguments from authority.

46. In Ch.2 Sagan says scientists, being primates, and thus given to dominance hierarchies, always follow the commandment to trust arguments from authority by standing on the shoulders of the good scientists who have come before.

47. In Ch.2 Sagan says one of the great commandments of science is, “Trust arguments from authority by standing on the shoulders of the good scientists who have come before.”

48. In Ch.3 Sagan says that radioactive dating of samples returned from the moon by the Apollo astronauts shows that ancient cratered highlands on the moon are almost 4.5 billion years old.

49. In Ch.3 Sagan says that Antonin Artaud claimed to see, in part under the influence of peyote, erotic images in the patterns on the outside of rocks.

50. In Ch.3 Sagan says that perhaps the most famous spurious claim of a portentous pattern involves the canals of Mars.

51. In Ch.3 Sagan says a few small mountains on Mars resemble pyramids.

52. In Ch.3 Sagan says the canals of Mars were first observed in 1977.

53. In Ch.3 Sagan says Venus is much more clement than Mars.

54. In Ch.3 Sagan says in the Elysium high plateau on Mars, there is a cluster of small mountains resembling pyramids – the biggest a few kilometers across at the base – all oriented in the same direction.

55. In Ch.3, Sagan says there is something a little eerie about the pyramids in the desert of Mars that are so reminiscent of the Gizeh plateau in Egypt.

56. In Ch.3, Sagan says that John Michell refuses to take at face value Artaud’s claims about erotic rocks.

57. In Ch.3, Sagan says that perhaps the most famous spurious claim of a portentous pattern involves the canals of Mars.

58. In Ch. 3 Sagan says that if we scrutinize 100,000 pictures, it’s not surprising that occasionally we’ll come upon something like a face.

59. In Ch.3, Sagan says that radioactive dating of samples returned from the moon by the Apollo astronauts shows that ancient cratered highlands on the moon are almost 4.5 billion year old.

60. In Ch.3, Sagan says that Antonin Artaud claimed to see, in part under the influence of peyote, erotic images in the patters on the outsides of rocks.

61. In Ch.3, Sagan says that John Michell is a British enthusiast of the occult.

62. In Ch.3, Sagan says the canals of Mars were first observed in 1977.

63. In Ch.3, Sagan says Venus is much more clement than Mars.

64. In Ch.3, Sagan says a few small mountains on Mars resemble pyramids.

65. In Ch.3, Sagan says in the Elysium high plateau on Mars, there is a cluster of of small mountains resembling pyramids – the biggest a few kilometers across at the base – all oriented in the same direction.

66. In Ch.3, Sagan says there is something a little eerie about the pyramids in the desert of Mars that are so reminiscent of the Gizeh plateau in Egypt.

67. In Ch.3, Sagan says that if we scrutinize 100,000 pictures, it’s not surprising that occasionally we’ll come upon something like a face.

68. In Ch.3, Sagan says our brains are programmed from infancy for finding faces.

69. In Ch.3, Sagan says our brains are programmed from infancy for finding faces.

70. In Ch.3, Sagan says that perhaps the most famous spurious claim of a portentous pattern involves the canals of Mars.In Ch.3, Sagan says Venus is much more clement than Mars.

71. In Ch.3, Sagan says a few small mountains on Mars resemble pyramids.

72. In Ch.4, Sagan mentions the claim that Charles Piazzi Smyth discovered in the dimensions of the Great Pyramid of Gizeh a world chronology from the Creation to the Second Coming.

73. In Ch.4, Sagan reports that L. Ron Hubbard wrote a manuscript able to drive its readers insane (with Sagan wondering if Hubbard’s manuscript was ever proofed or proofread).

74. In Ch.4, Sagan asks: how could humans be the result of an alien breeding program if we share 99.6% of our active genes with the chimpanzees?

75. In Ch.4, Sagan says we’re more closely related to chimps than rats are to mice.

76. In Ch.4, Sagan mentions the report that Andrew Crosse created microscopic insects electrically from salts.

77. In Ch.4, Sagan quotes John Locke saying in 1690: One unerring mark of the love of truth is not entertaining any proposition with greater assurance than the proofs it is built upon will warrant.

78. In Ch.4, Sagan discusses Charles Mackay’s 1841 book Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds.

79. In Ch.4, Sagan mentions Wilhelm Reich’s claim to have uncovered the key to the structure of galaxies in the energy of the human orgasm.

80. In Ch.4, Sagan says Hans Horbiger, under Nazi aegis, announced the Milky Way was made not of stars but of snowballs.

81. In Ch.4, Sagan reports that L. Ron Hubbard wrote a manuscript able to drive its readers insane (with Sagan wondering if Hubbard’s manuscript was ever proofed or proofread).

82. In Ch.4, Sagan calls Martin Gardner’s book Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science an eye-opener.

83. In Ch.4, Sagan says that Voltaire wrote: “’Truly, that which makes me believe there is no inhabitant on this sphere, is that it seems to me that no sensible being would be willing to live here.’ ‘Well, then!” said Micromegas, ‘perhaps the beings that inhabit it do not possess good sense.’” [One alien to another, on approaching the Earth, in Voltaire’s Micromegas: A Philosophical History (1752)]

84. In Ch.4, Sagan mentions Wilhelm Reich’s claim to have uncovered the key to the structure of galaxies in the energy of the human orgasm.

85. In Ch.4, Sagan mentions the claim that Charles Piazzi Smyth discovered in the dimensions of the Great Pyramid of Gizeh a world chronology from the Creation to the Second Coming.

86. In Ch.4, Sagan reports that the Bridey Murphy case led millions into concluding serious evidence of reincarnation exists.

87. In Ch.5, Sagan suggests the Donation of Constantine is a hoax.

88. In Ch.5, Sagan says that high-altitude balloons can seem saucer-shaped when seen from the ground, that if you misestimate how far away they are, you can easily imagine them going absurdly fast, that occasionally, propelled by a gust of wind, they make abrupt changes in direction uncharacteristic of aircraft and in seeming defiance of the conservation of momentum – if you don’t realize that they’re hollow and weigh almost nothing.

89. In Ch.5, Sagan says he was a member of the U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board committee that investigated the Air Force’s UFO study – called “Project Bluebook,” but earlier called “Project Grudge.”

90. In Ch.5 of Sagan, the U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board committee found the on-going effort of Project Bluebook to be lackadaisical and dismissive.

91. In Ch.5, Sagan asks “After misapprehended natural events and hoaxes and psychological aberrations are removed from the data set, is there any residue of very credible but extremely bizarre cases, especially ones supported by physical evidence? Is there a ‘signal’ hiding in all that noise?” and answers that no signal has been detected.

92. In Ch.5, Sagan says Lorenzo of Valla was a polymath and a controversialist and a pedant who was crusty, critical, arrogant and who was attacked by his contemporaries for sacrilege, impudence, temerity and presumption.

93. In Ch.5, Sagan says by the middle 1960s Project Bluebook was headquartered in the same Air Force Base in Ohio where the Foreign Technical Intelligence was located, and that Foreign Technical Intelligence was concerned chiefly with understanding what new weapons the Soviets had.

94. In Ch.5, Sagan says there is no difficulty in understanding the motivation of the hoaxers.

95. In Ch.5, Sagan says there is difficulty in understanding the motivation of the hoaxers.

96. In Ch.5, Sagan suggests the book of Deuteronomy is a more or less typical example of a hoax.

97. In Ch.5, Sagan says the only sure way to test your adversary’s defenses is to fly an aircraft over their borders and see how long it takes for them to notice, and that the U.S. did this routinely to test Soviet air defenses.

98. In Ch.5, Sagan says the only sure way to test your adversary’s defenses is to fly an aircraft over their borders and see how long it takes for them to notice, and that the U.S. did this routinely to test Soviet air defenses.

99. In Ch.5, Sagan says there are no cases – despite well over a million UFO reports since 1947 – in which something so strange that it could only be an extraterrestrial spacecraft is reported so reliably that misapprehension, hoax, or hallucination can be reliably excluded and there’s still a part of Sagan that says “Too bad.”

100. In Ch.6, Sagan says that since the death of his parents he has not heard the voice of his mother or father.

101. In Ch.6, Sagan says that since the death of his parents, he saw them riding inside a UFO.

102. In Ch.6, Sagan says Admiral Richard Byrd, Captain Joshua Slocum and Sir Ernest Shackleton all experienced vivid hallucinations when coping with unusual isolation and loneliness.

103. In Ch.6, Sagan says serious explorers such as Admiral Richard Byrd, Captain Joshua Slocum and Sir Ernest Shackleton never experienced vivid hallucinations even when coping with unusual isolation and loneliness.

104. In Ch.6, Sagan says psychedelic-induced religious experiences were a hallmark of the Western youth culture of the 1960s.

105. In Ch.6, Sagan says the Yale anthropologist Weston La Barre goes so far as to argue that “a surprisingly good case could be made that much of culture is hallucination,” and that “the whole intent and function of ritual appears to be … [a] group wish to hallucinate reality.”

106. In Ch.6, Sagan says roughly 10% of Americans report having seen one or more ghosts.

107. In Ch.6, Sagan says 5% to 10% of us are extremely suggestible, able to move at a command into a deep hypnotic trance.

108. In Ch.6, Sagan says at least 1% of all of us is schizophrenic, amounting to over 50 million schizophrenics on the planet, more than the population of England.

109. In Ch.6, Sagan says that in 1970 John Mack published a book on nightmares.

110. In Ch.6, Sagan says advertisers must know their audiences.

111. In Ch.6, Sagan says audiences must know their advertisers.

112. In Ch.6, Sagan says that, from 1894 to the time of his writing, repeated surveys have shown that 10 to 25 percent of ordinary, functioning people have experienced, at least once in their lifetimes, a vivid hallucination – hearing a voice, usually, or seeing a form when there’s no one there.

113. In Ch.6, Sagan says that probably a dozen times since the deaths of his parents he has heard his mother or father, in a conversational tone of voice, call his name.

114. In Ch.6, Sagan says advertisers need not know their audiences.

115. In Ch.6 Sagan quotes Lucretius, from On the Nature of Things (circa 60 B.C.), as saying that as children tremble and fear everything in the blind darkness, so we in the light sometimes fear what is no more to be feared than the things children in the dark hold in terror.

116. In Ch.6, Sagan says audiences need not know their advertisers.

117. In Ch.7, Sagan suggests that Augustine wrote The City of God.

118. In Ch.7, Sagan reports that Aristotle was Plato’s famous student.

119. In Ch.7, Sagan reports that Aristotle seriously considered the contention that demons script dreams.

120. In Ch.7, Sagan quotes philosopher Thomas Hobbes as saying in Leviathan (1651) “Fear of things invisible is the natural seed of that which every one in himself calleth religion.”

121. In Ch.7, Sagan reports that St. Augustine was much vexed with demons.

122. In Ch.7, Sagan quotes The Isa Upanishad (India, ca. 600 B.C.) as saying: “There are demon-haunted worlds, regions of utter darkness.”

123. In Ch.9, Sagan reports one survey saying that 85% of all violent prison inmates were abused in childhood.

124. In Ch.9, Sagan reports there are many real cases of ghoulish sexual predation by parents or those acting in the role of parents.

125. In Ch.13, Sagan says British hoaxers confessed to having made “crop circles,” geometrical figures generated in grain fields.

126. In Ch.13, Sagan says one of the saddest lessons of history is that if we’ve been bamboozled long enough, we tend eventually to realize our mistake and become depressingly sad about it.

127. In Ch. 13, Sagan reports that Moses Maimonides was a Jewish philosopher

128. In Ch.13, Sagan says one of the saddest lessons of history is that if we’ve been bamboozled long enough, we tend to reject any evidence of the bamboozle.

129. In Ch.13, Sagan says baloney, bamboozles, careless thinking, flimflam, and wishes disguised as facts are restricted to parlor magic and ambiguous advice on matters of the heart.

130. In Ch.13, Sagan says baloney, bamboozles, careless thinking, flimflam, and wishes disguised as facts unfortunately ripple through mainstream political, social, religious, and economic issues in every nation.

131. In Ch.13, Sagan says James “The Amazing” Randi won a MacArthur Foundation Prize Fellowship.

132. In Ch. 13, Sagan says the death rate for some goes down after the Harvest Moon Festival.

133. In Ch.14, Sagan quotes Cicero as saying that the first law is that the historian shall never dare to set down what is false.

134. In Ch.14, Sagan gives an extended quotation from Morris Cohen, a celebrated philosopher of science.

135. In Ch.14, Sagan never quotes Charles Darwin.

136. In Ch.14, Sagan says Mao Zedon’s “Great Leap Forward” caused tens of millions of deaths.

137. In Ch.14, Sagan says Darwin militantly opposed racism.

138. In Ch.14, Sagan says we need to understand the theory to see what it predicts.

139. In Ch.14 Sagan says Harold C. Urey was an American chemistry Nobel laureate (winner of the Nobel prize for chemistry).

140. In Ch.15 Sagan says St. Thomas Aquinas wrote "Against the Gentiles”.

141. In Ch.15, Sagan has a longer quote from Charles Tart.

142. In Ch.15 Sagan says some of mainstream Christianity and Judaism embraces and even anticipated at least a portion of the humility, self-criticism, reasoned debate, and questioning of received wisdom that the best of science offers.

143. In Ch. 15 of Sagan, no questions appear on page 270.

144. In Ch.15 Sagan quotes William Blake's prayer saying may God keep us from double vision.

145. In Ch.15 Sagan says the Dalai Lama was plainly right on some matters.

146. In Ch. 15 Sagan denied that Moses Maimonides wrote "Guide for the Perplexed.”

147. In Ch. 16 Carl Sagan makes some criticisms of nuclear scientist Edward Teller.

148. In Ch.16 Sagan reports that President Truman instructed his aides that he (Truman) never wishesd to see J. Robert Oppenheimer again.

149. In Ch.16 Sagan reports that Edwin Teller lost part of his leg in a streetcar accident.

150. In Ch. 16 Sagan reports that the U.S. thermonuclear device was exploded in 1952.

151. In Ch.16 Sagan reports that Life magazine had an article in 1954 that admired Edwin Teller.

152. In Ch.16, specifically on page 290, Sagan gives a few examples of seemingly contradictory aphorisms.

153. In Ch.16 Sagan makes no criticisms of nuclear scientist Edward Teller.

154. In Ch.16 Sagan quotes Euripides.

155. In Ch.16 Sagan reports that J. Robert Oppenheimer claimed that scientists had bloody hands.

156. In Ch.16 Sagan says there was a nuclear accident in Pennsylvania in 1979.

157. In Ch.16 Sagan denies that he ever met privately with Dr. Teller.

158. In Ch.16 Sagan writes that in 1995 the CIA Inspector General said absolute secrecy corrupts absolutely.

159. In Ch.16 Sagan says that the Bible is full of so many stories of contradictory moral purpose that every generation can find scriptural justification for nearly any action it proposes – from incest, slavery, and mass murder to the most refined love, courage, and self-sacrifice.

160. In Ch.16 Sagan says it is not the particular task of scientists to alert the public to possible dangers emanating from science or foreseeable though the use of science.

161. In Ch.16 Sagan speaks of men being perhaps “testosterone-inflamed.

162. In Ch.16 Sagan says “In Joshua and the second half of Numbers [in the Old Testament of The Bible] is celebrated the mass murder of men, women, children, down to the domestic animals in city after city across the whole land of Canaan.”

163. In Ch.16 Sagan says “Even folk institutions that purport to give us advice on behavior and ethics seem fraught with contradictions.”

164. In Ch.16 Sagan says “In Joshua and the second half of Numbers [in the Old Testament of The Bible] is celebrated the mass murder of men, women, children, down to the domestic animals in city after city across the whole land of Canaan.”

165. In Ch.16 Sagan says “…stories of mass murder … can be found in the books of Saul, Esther, and elsewhere in the Bible, with hardly a pang of moral doubt. It was all, of course, troubling to liberal theologians of a later age.”

166. In Ch.16 Sagan says: “It is properly said that the Devil can ‘quote Scripture to his purpose.’”

167. In Ch.16 Sagan says “The Bible is full of so many stories of contradictory moral purpose that every generation can find scriptural justification for nearly any action it proposes – from incest, slavery, and mass murder to the most refined love, courage, and self-sacrifice. And this moral multiple personality disorder is hardly restricted to Judaism and Christianity. You can find it deep within Islam, the Hindu tradition, indeed nearly all the world’s religions.”

168. In Ch.16 Sagan says “if we must make errors, given the stakes, they should be on the side of safety.”

169. In Ch.16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk wisdom are contradictory: 1) Haste makes waste; and 2) a stitch in time saves nine.

170. In Ch.16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk wisdom are contradictory: 1) Better safe than sorry; and 2) nothing ventured, nothing gained.

171. In Ch.16 Sagan quotes these questions from Euripides from 428 B.C.: "The mind of man -- how far will it decline? Where will its daring impotence find frontiers?"

172. In Ch.16 Sagan quotes these questions from Euripides from 428 B.C.: "The mind of woman -- how far will it progress? Where will its derring-do find limitations from men?"

173. In Ch.16 Sagan quotes these questions from Euripides from 428 B.C.: "The mind of man -- how far will it advance? Where will its daring impudence find limits?"

174. In Ch.16 Sagan quotes these questions from Euripides from 428 B.C.: "The mind of mankind -- how far will it advise? Where will its darting imprudence find libation?"

175. In Ch.16 Sagan says President Harry S. Truman and J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientific director of the Manhattan nuclear weapons Project, never met.

176. In Ch.16 Sagan rejects the following view: "More often, science is taken to task because it and its products are said to be morally neutral, ethically ambiguous, as readily employed in the service of evil as of good. This is an old indictment. It goes back probably to the flaking of stone tools and the domestication of fire. Since technology has been with our ancestral line from before the first human, since we are a technological species, this problem is not so much one of science as of human nature."

177. In Ch.16 Sagan says John Passmore is an Albanian philosopher who wrote the book Scientism and Its Sycophants.

178. In Ch.16 Sagan says John Passmore is an Austrian philosopher who wrote the book Science and Its Creeps.

179. In Ch.16 Sagan says John Passmore is an Australian philosopher who wrote the book Science and Its Critics.

180. In Ch. 16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk wisdom are contradictory: 1) Where there’s smoke there’s fire; and 2) you can’t tell a book by its cover.

181. In Ch. 16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk wisdom are contradictory: 1) A penny saved is a penny earned; and 2) you can’t take it with you.

182. In Ch. 16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk wisdom are contradictory: 1) He who hesitates is lost; and 2) fools rush in where angels fear to tread.

183. In Ch. 16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk wisdom are contradictory: 1) Two heads are better than one; and 2) too many cooks spoil the broth.

184. In Ch.17 Sagan mentions crop circles.

185. In Ch.17 Sagan says there are no limits to the uses of skepticism.

186. In Ch.17 Sagan says astrology has been with us for 4,000 years or more.

187. In Ch.17 Sagan says astrology seems not to be as popular today as it used to be.

188. In Ch.17 Sagan says a third of all Americans believe Sun-sign astrology is scientific.

189. In Ch.18 Sagan says Germany invented the rocket.

190. In Ch.18 Sagan says the Spanish invented the magnetic compass.

191. In Ch.18 Sagan says Americans invented the seismograph.

192. In Ch.19 Sagan quotes Heinrich Heine.

193. In Ch.19 Sagan says 57% of American adults do not know that electrons are smaller than atoms.

194. In Ch.19 Sagan says he can find in his undergraduate classes at Cornell University (an Ivy League University, by the way) bright students who do not know that the stars rise and set at night, or even that the Sun is a star.

195. In Ch. 20, Sagan co-wrote material with Ann Druyan.

196. In Ch.20 Sagan says he was taken as a child to the American Museum of Natural History.

197. In Ch.21 Sagan says the Holy Bible, as countless passages confirmed, condoned slavery.

198. In Ch.21 Sagan reports that African-Americans have made enormous strides in literacy since Emancipation.

199. In Ch.22, Sagan quotes Henri Poincare about how cruel truth often is.

200. In Ch.22 Sagan says The X Files (a famous TV series from the 80s and 90s) pays lip service to skeptical examination of the paranormal but is heavily skewed towards the reality of alien abductions, strange powers and government complicity in covering up just about everything interesting.

201. In Ch.22 Sagan says that in the early 1990s American polls showed that 38% of adults were ignorant of the term 'holocaust.'

202. In Ch.23 Sagan quotes George Washington saying "Only the military better deserves our patronage more than the promotion of science and literature.

203. In Ch.24 Sagan discusses science and witchcraft.

204. In Ch.25, Sagan says that Confucius’ chief failing in life is that he never got to try to construct a model state.

205. Sagan was an astrologer at Cornell University.

206. Sagan literally has the last word in the documentary film from 1973 (NBC TV) called In Search of Ancient Astronauts, narrated by Rod Serling, creator of The Twilight Zone.

207. In Ch.5, Sagan asks “After misapprehended natural events and hoaxes and psychological aberrations are removed from the data set, is there any residue of very credible but extremely bizarre cases, especially ones supported by physical evidence? Is there a ‘signal’ hiding in all that noise?” and answers that no signal has been detected.

208. In Ch.5, Sagan asks “After misapprehended natural events and hoaxes and psychological aberrations are removed from the data set, is there any residue of very credible but extremely bizarre cases, especially ones supported by physical evidence? Is there a ‘signal’ hiding in all that noise?” and answers that a signal has been detected.

209. In Ch.6 Sagan quotes Lucretius, from On the Nature of Things (circa 60 B.C.), as saying that as children tremble and fear everything in the blind darkness, so we in the light sometimes fear what is no more to be feared than the things children in the dark hold in terror.

210. In Ch.6, Sagan says that, from 1894 to the time of his writing, repeated surveys have shown that 10 to 25 percent of ordinary, functioning people have experienced, at least once in their lifetimes, a vivid hallucination – hearing a voice, usually, or seeing a form when there’s no one there.

211. In Ch.7, Sagan reports that Aristotle seriously considered the contention that demons script dreams.

212. In Ch.7, Sagan reports that Plutarch proposed that the demons came from the Moon.

213. In Ch.7, Sagan reports that Porphyry proposed that the demons came from the Moon.

214. In Ch.7, Sagan reports that Michael Psellus was someone who described demons and who was influential philosopher and a shady politician.

215. In Ch.7, Sagan reports that some thought 12,000 witches darkened the skies as they flew to Newfoundland.

216. In Ch.8, Sagan fails to write on the distinction between true and false visions.

217. In Ch.8, Sagan discusses the role in our time of much dismissive chortling and ridicule.

218. In Ch. 8, Sagan says there are many instances of Reagan failing to distinguish fact from fiction.

219. In Ch. 8, Sagan says President Reagan claimed that he (Reagan) liberated Nazi concentration camp victims.

220. In Ch. 8, Sagan reports that Reagan spent WWII in Hollywood and did not liberate any concentration camp victims.

221. In Ch.8, Sagan says it is hard to imagine serious public dangers emerging out of instances in which political, military, scientific or religious leaders are unable to distinguish fact from vivid fiction.

222. In Ch.8, Sagan says Alfonso the Wise was king of Castile around 1248.

223. In Ch.8, Sagan says Jeanne d’Arc and Girolamo Savonarola were burnt at the stake for their visions.

224. In Ch.8, Sagan says the Inquisition’s punishment for Francisca la Brava was to put her on an ass and give her one hundred lashes in public through the streets of Belmonte naked from the waist up.

225. In Ch.8, Sagan says it is not hard to imagine serious public dangers emerging out of instances in which political, military, scientific or religious leaders are unable to distinguish fact from vivid fiction.

226. In Ch.8, Sagan says memory can be contaminated.

227. In Ch.8, Sagan says memory cannot be contaminated.

228. In Ch.8, Sagan says false memories can be implanted even in minds that do not consider themselves vulnerable and uncritical.

229. In Ch.8, Sagan says no false memories can be implanted in minds that consider themselves invulnerable and critical.

230. In Ch.8, Sagan says that Stephen Ceci of Cornell University, Loftus and their colleagues found that preschoolers are exceptionally vulnerable to suggestion.

231. In Ch.8, Sagan says preschoolers’ exceptional vulnerability to suggestion is surprising.

232. In Ch.8, Sagan says preschoolers’ exceptional vulnerability to suggestion is unsurprising.

233. In Ch.8, Sagan says there is no distinction between true and false visions.

234. In Ch.9, Sagan says therapy does not exist.

235. In Ch.9, Sagan quotes the fictional character Sherlock Holmes as saying that it is a capital mistake to collect data before one has a theory to test against the data.

236. In Ch.9, Sagan quotes the fictional character Sherlock Holmes as saying that it is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data.

237. In Ch.9, Sagan quotes Gabriel Garcia Marquez as saying that true memories seemed like phantoms.

238. In Ch.9, Sagan quotes Gabriel Garcia Marques as saying that false memories were so convincing that they replaced reality.

239. In Ch.9, Sagan says there is not much to this UFO business, except of course on the psychiatric side.

240. In Ch.9, Sagan says there is much more to this UFO business than the psychiatric side of it.

241. In Ch.9, Sagan says some estimates from opnion surveys range as high as one in four American women having been sexually abused in childhood, though Sagan says these estimates are probably too high.

242. In Ch.9, Sagan says some estimates from opnion surveys range as high as one in six American men having been sexually abused in childhood, though Sagan says these estimates are probably too high.

243. In Ch.9, Sagan reports one survey saying that 85% of all violent prison inmates were abused in childhood.

244. In Ch.9, Sagan reports there are many real cases of ghoulish sexual predation by parents or those acting in the role of parents.

245. In Ch.9, Sagan reports that rape victims are ten times more likely than other women to use alcohol and other drugs to excess and that the problem is real and urgent.

246. In Ch.9, Sagan reports that two-thirds of all teenage mothers were raped or sexually abused as children or teenagers.

247. In Ch.9, Sagan reports that a century ago Sigmund Freud introduced the concept of repression, the forgetting of events in order to avoid intense psychic pain.

248. In Ch.9, Sagan gives a longer quote from FBI expert Kenneth V. Lanning, who says faith, not logic and reason, governs the religious beliefs of most people.

249. In Ch.9, Sagan suggests that perhaps the startle reflex (sometimes when falling asleep we have the sense of toppling from a height and our limbs suddenly flail on their own) is left over from when our ancestors slept in trees.

250. In Ch.10, Sagan mentions the Scottish verdict of “not proved.”

251. In Ch.10, Sagan says magic requires tacit cooperation of the audience with the magician.

252. In Ch.10, Sagan says he remembered reading in college Robert Lindner’s book from 1954 called The Fifty-Minute Hour.

253. In Ch.10, Sagan quotes E. M. Butler (from The Myth of the Magus (1948)) as saying: “[M]agic, it must be remembered, is an art which demands collaboration between the artist and his public.”

254. In Ch.10, Sagan reports that Anthony Hewish won the Nobel Prize in physics for the discovery of pulsars.

255. In Ch.10, Sagan reports that Anthony Hewish won the Nobel Prize in medicine for the discovery of pulses.

256. In Ch.11, Sagan quotes the poet Rainer Maria Rilke (from “The Tenth Elegy” (1923)) as stating: “… how alien, alas, are the streets of the city of grief.”

257. In Ch.11, Sagan discusses Raymond Moody’s alleged evidence that we survive death.

258. In Ch.13, Sagan says James “The Amazing” Randi won a MacArthur Foundation Prize Fellowship.

259. In Ch. 13, Sagan says the death rate for some goes down after the Harvest Moon Festival.

260. In Ch.13, Sagan says baloney, bamboozles, careless thinking, flimflam, and wishes disguised as facts are restricted to parlor magic and ambiguous advice on matters of the heart.

261. In Ch.13, Sagan says baloney, bamboozles, careless thinking, flimflam, and wishes disguised as facts unfortunately ripple through mainstream political, social, religious, and economic issues in every nation.

262. In Ch.13, Sagan says British hoaxers confessed to having made “crop circles,” geometrical figures generated in grain fields.

263. In Ch.13, Sagan says one of the saddest lessons of history is that if we’ve been bamboozled long enough, we tend to reject any evidence of the bamboozle.

264. In Ch.13, Sagan says one of the saddest lessons of history is that if we’ve been bamboozled long enough, we tend eventually to realize our mistake and become depressingly sad about it.

265. In Ch. 13, Sagan reports that Moses Maimonides was a Jewish philosopher.

266. In Ch.14, Sagan gives an extended quotation from Morris Cohen, a celebrated philosopher of science.

267. In Ch.14, Sagan never quotes Charles Darwin.

268. In Ch.14, Sagan quotes Cicero as saying that the first law is that the historian shall never dare to set down what is false.

269. In Ch.14, Sagan says Mao Zedon’s “Great Leap Forward” caused tens of millions of deaths.

270. In Ch.14, Sagan says Darwin militantly opposed racism.

271. In Ch.14 Sagan says Harold C. Urey was an American chemistry Nobel laureate (winner of the Nobel prize for chemistry).

272. In Ch.14, Sagan says we need to understand the theory to see what it predicts.

273. In Ch. 15 of Sagan, no questions appear on page 270.

274. In Ch.15 Sagan says St. Thomas Aquinas wrote "Against the Gentiles.”

275. In Ch.15, Sagan has a longer quote from Charles Tart.

276. In Ch.15 Sagan says some of mainstream Christianity and Judaism embraces and even anticipated at least a portion of the humility, self-criticism, reasoned debate, and questioning of received wisdom that the best of science offers.

277. In Ch.15 Sagan quotes William Blake's prayer saying may God keep us from double vision.

278. In Ch.15 Sagan says the Dalai Lama was plainly right on some matters.

279. In Ch. 15 Sagan denied that Moses Maimonides wrote "Guide for the Perplexed.”

280. In Ch. 16 Carl Sagan makes some criticisms of nuclear scientist Edward Teller.

281. n Ch.16, specifically on page 290, Sagan gives a few examples of seemingly contradictory aphorisms.

282. In Ch.16 Sagan makes no criticisms of nuclear scientist Edward Teller.

283. In Ch.16 Sagan quotes Euripides.

284. In Ch.16 Sagan reports that J. Robert Oppenheimer claimed that scientists had bloody hands.

285. In Ch.16 Sagan reports that President Truman instructed his aides that he (Truman) never wished to see J. Robert Oppenheimer again.

286. In Ch.16 Sagan reports that Edwin Teller lost part of his leg in a streetcar accident.

287. In Ch. 16 Sagan reports that the U.S. thermonuclear device was exploded in 1952.

288. In Ch.16 Sagan reports that Life magazine had an article in 1954 that admired Edwin Teller.

289. In Ch.16 Sagan says there was a nuclear accident in Pennsylvania in 1979.

290. In Ch.16 Sagan denies that he ever met privately with Dr. Teller.

291. In Ch.16 Sagan writes that in 1995 the CIA Inspector General said absolute secrecy corrupts absolutely.

292. In Ch.16 Sagan says that the Bible is full of so many stories of contradictory moral purpose that every generation can find scriptural justification for nearly any action it proposes – from incest, slavery, and mass murder to the most refined love, courage, and self-sacrifice.

293. In Ch.16 Sagan says it is not the particular task of scientists to alert the public to possible dangers emanating from science or foreseeable though the use of science.

294. In Ch.16 Sagan speaks of men being perhaps “testosterone-inflamed.

295. In Ch.16 Sagan says “In Joshua and the second half of Numbers [in the Old Testament of The Bible] is celebrated the mass murder of men, women, children, down to the domestic animals in city after city across the whole land of Canaan.”

296. In Ch.16 Sagan says “Even folk institutions that purport to give us advice on behavior and ethics seem fraught with contradictions.”

297. In Ch.16 Sagan says “In Joshua and the second half of Numbers [in the Old Testament of The Bible] is celebrated the mass murder of men, women, children, down to the domestic animals in city after city across the whole land of Canaan.”

298. In Ch.16 Sagan says “…stories of mass murder … can be found in the books of Saul, Esther, and elsewhere in the Bible, with hardly a pang of moral doubt. It was all, of course, troubling to liberal theologians of a later age.”

299. In Ch.16 Sagan says: “It is properly said that the Devil can ‘quote Scripture to his purpose.’”

300. In Ch.16 Sagan says “The Bible is full of so many stories of contradictory moral purpose that every generation can find scriptural justification for nearly any action it proposes – from incest, slavery, and mass murder to the most refined love, courage, and self-sacrifice. And this moral multiple personality disorder is hardly restricted to Judaism and Christianity. You can find it deep within Islam, the Hindu tradition, indeed nearly all the world’s religions.”

301. In Ch.16 Sagan says “if we must make errors, given the stakes, they should be on the side of safety.”

302. In Ch.16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk wisdom are contradictory: 1) Haste makes waste; and 2) a stitch in time saves nine.

302. In Ch.16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk wisdom are contradictory: 1) Better safe than sorry; and 2) nothing ventured, nothing gained.

303. In Ch. 16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk wisdom are contradictory: 1) Where there’s smoke there’s fire; and 2) you can’t tell a book by its cover.

304. In Ch. 16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk wisdom are contradictory: 1) A penny saved is a penny earned; and 2) you can’t take it with you.

305. In Ch. 16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk wisdom are contradictory: 1) He who hesitates is lost; and 2) fools rush in where angels fear to tread.

306. In Ch. 16 Sagan suggests these two pieces of commonsense folk wisdom are contradictory: 1) Two heads are better than one; and 2) too many cooks spoil the broth.

307. In Ch.17 Sagan mentions crop circles.

308. In Ch.17 Sagan says there are no limits to the uses of skepticism.

309. In Ch.17 Sagan cautions us not to abet (help maintain) a general climate in which skepticism is considered impolite, science tiresome, and rigorous thinking somehow stuffy and inappropriate.

310. In Ch.17 Sagan says he thinks skepticism is impolite.

311. In Ch.17 Sagan writes about University of Buffalo philosopher Paul Kurtz.

312. In Ch.17 Sagan quotes Bertrand Russell as saying that insight, untested and unsupported, is an insufficient guarantee of truth.

313. In Ch.17 Sagan says many pseudoscientific and New Age belief systems emerge out of dissatisfaction with conventional values and perspectives.

314. In Ch.17 Sagan says some skeptics compel belief.

315. In Ch.17 Sagan says Alfred Wegener refuted the theory of continental drift.

316. In Ch.17 Sagan says astrology has been with us for 4,000 years or more.

317. In Ch.17 Sagan says astrology seems not to be as popular today as it used to be.

318. In Ch.17 Sagan says a quarter of all Americans believe in astrology.

319. In Ch.17 Sagan says a third of all Americans believe Sun-sign astrology is scientific.

320. In Ch. 17 Sagan says the fraction of schoolchildren believing in astrology rose from 40% to 59% from 1978 to 1984.

321. In Ch.17 Sagan quotes Michael Faraday as saying that nothing is too wonderful to be true.

322. In Ch.17 Sagan says most scientists would agree with the ancient Chinese proverb “Better to be too credulous than too skeptical.

323. In Ch.17 Sagan says many scientists tend to be diffident (unconfident) about describing their own sense of wonder at the dawning of a wild surmise.

324. In Ch.17 Sagan tries to stress (that is, emphasize) that at the heart of science is an essential balance of two seemingly contradictory attitudes – an openness to new ideas, no matter how bizarre or counterintuitive, and the most ruthlessly skeptical scrutiny of all ideas, old and new.

325. In Ch.17 Sagan says that the essential balance at the heart of science is how deep truths are winnowed from deep nonsense.

326. In Ch. 17 Sagan says the collective enterprise of creative thinking and skeptical thinking, working together, fail to keep the field on track.

327. In Ch.17 Sagan says if you’re only skeptical, then no new ideas make it through to you, you never learn anything, and you become a crotchety misanthrope convinced that nonsense is ruling the world.

328. In Ch.17, Sagan reports that in France there are more astrologers than Roman Catholic clergy.

329. Regarding Ch. 18 of Sagan, Dr. H said in class that he thinks there is a serious typo on page 317 in Sagan, where Dr. H thinks Sagan meant to say that the pro-atheism and pro-polytheistic approach of the pre-Socratics was quashed rather than “quenched” by Plato, Aristotle, and then Christian theologians.

330. In Ch.18, Sagan denies that the wind makes dust.

331. In Ch.18 Sagan says Alfred Nobel of Sweden invented gunpowder.

332. In Ch.18 Sagan says European civilization inundated and destroyed Aztec civilization.

333. In Ch.18 Sagan says the zero is the key to comfortable arithmetic and therefore to quantitative science.

334. In Ch.18 Sagan says Germany invented movable type.

335. In Ch.18 Sagan presents the idea that the wind makes dust because it intends to blow, taking away our footprints.

336. In Ch.18 Sagan quotes Thomas H. Huxley comparing a “savage” hunter with a “man of science.

337. In Ch.18 Sagan says Alan Cromer wrote Uncommon Sense: The Heretical Nature of Science (1993).

338. In Ch.18 Sagan reports that Indian mathematicians invented the zero.

339. In Ch.18 Sagan reports that modern science has produced a far better calendar in European civilization today than the calendar used in Aztec civilization long ago.

340. In Ch.18 Sagan says Germany invented the rocket.

341. In Ch.18 Sagan says the Spanish invented the magnetic compass.

342. In Ch.18 Sagan says Americans invented the seismograph.

343. In Ch.18 Sagan says the ancient Egyptians invented the systematic observations and chronicles of the heavens.

344. In Ch.18 Sagan says Chinese civilization invented movable type, gunpowder, the rocket, the magnetic compass, the seismograph, and systematic observations and chronicles of the heavens.

345. In Ch.19 Sagan suggests there’s no such thing as a dumb question.

346. In Ch.19 Sagan quotes Heinrich Heine.

347. In Ch.19 Sagan says (except for some questions from two-year-olds for example) every question is a cry to understand the world.

348. In Ch.19 Sagan presents statistics showing that American students are performing better than students from any other nation.

349. In Ch.19 Sagan says 63% of American adults are unaware that the last dinosaur died before the first human arose.

350. In Ch.19 Sagan says 75% of American adults do not know that antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses.

351. In Ch.19 Sagan says a 1993 poll showed that no more than half the people in China know that the Earth revolves around the Sun once a year.

352. In Ch.19 Sagan says 57% of American adults do not know that electrons are smaller than atoms.

353. In Ch.19 Sagan says that something like half of American adults do not know that the Earth goes around the Sun and takes a year to do it.

354. In Ch.19 Sagan says he can find in his undergraduate classes at Cornell University (an Ivy League University, by the way) bright students who do not know that the stars rise and set at night, or even that the Sun is a star.

355. In Ch.19, Sagan says there are dumb questions.

356. In Ch. 20, Sagan co-wrote material with Ann Druyan.

357. In Ch.20 Sagan denies that George Awad is one of the leading architectural model makers in America.

358. In Ch.20 Sagan quotes a long passage by Edward Conze about the Buddha.

359. In Ch.20 Sagan says he was taken as a child to the American Museum of Natural History.

360. In Ch.20 Sagan says children today are encourage to touch, to poke, to run through a branched contingency tree of questions and answers via computer, or to make funny noises and see what sound waves look like.

361. In Ch.20 Sagan reports that half the children at the elementary school where his daughter attended in Ithaca, New York (home of Ivy League college Cornell University) live below the poverty line.

362. In Ch.21 Sagan says the Holy Bible, as countless passages confirmed, condoned slavery.

363. In Ch.21 Sagan says there was in the antebellum South (the American South before the Civil War, which began in 1861) there was a revealing rule: Slaves were to remain illiterate.

364. In Ch.21 Sagan reports that African-Americans have made enormous strides in literacy since Emancipation.

365. In Ch.21 Sagan reports that in 1860 only an estimated 5% of African-Americans could read and write and that by 1890 39% were judged literate by the U.S. census, and by 1969 96% were judged literate.

366. In Ch.21 Sagan says that between 1940 and 1992, the fraction of African-Amercans who had completed high school soared from 7% to 82%.

367. In Ch.21 Sagan says his skepticism leads him to believe there is no path to freedom.

368. In Ch.21 Sagan quotes very early on the Roman philosopher and former slave Epictetus.

369. In Ch.21 Epictetus says “We must not believe the many, who say that only free people ought to be educated, but we should rather believe the philosophers who say that only the educated are free.

370. In Ch.21, Sagan co-wrote material with Ann Druyan.

371. In Ch.22, Sagan suggests that a good first-order model of how commercial and public television programming work is simply this: Money is everything.

372. In Ch.22, Sagan quotes Henri Poincare about how cruel truth often is.

373. In Ch.22 Sagan cautions that public television in America is in real danger of losing government support and the content of commercial programming is in the course of a steep, long-term dumbing down.

374. In Ch.22 Sagan says that In Search of … (a famous TV series from the 70s) frequently takes an intrinsically interesting subject and systematically distorts the evidence.

375. In Ch.22 Sagan says The X Files (a famous TV series from the 80s and 90s) pays lip service to skeptical examination of the paranormal but is heavily skewed towards the reality of alien abductions, strange powers and government complicity in covering up just about everything interesting.

376. In Ch.22 Sagan says that in the early 1990s American polls showed that 2/3 of adults didn't know what the "information superhighway" was.

377. In Ch.22 Sagan says that in the early 1990s American polls showed that 42% of adults didn't know where Japan is.

378. In Ch.22 Sagan says that in the early 1990s American polls showed that 38% of adults were ignorant of the term 'holocaust.'

379. In Ch. 23, Sagan says nothing is touching anything.

380. In Ch.23 Sagan discusses SETI, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

381. In Ch.23 Sagan quotes Ronald Reagan's campaign saying in 1980 "Why should we subsidize intellectual curiosity?"

382. In Ch.23 Sagan quotes George Washington saying "There is nothing which can better deserve our patronage than the promotion of science and literature."

383. In Ch.23 Sagan quotes George Washington saying "Only the military better deserves our patronage more than the promotion of science and literature."

384. In Ch.23 Sagan says stereotypes abound.

385. In Ch.23 Sagan says stereotypes are rare.

386. In Ch.23, Sagan says stereotypes abound.

387. In Ch.24, Sagan (with Ann Druyan) says politics is not a science.

388. In Ch.24 Sagan quotes a Latin proverb that says where there is doubt there is unfreedom.

389. In Ch.24 Sagan discusses science and witchcraft.

390. In Ch.24 Sagan notes that Linus Pauling has not won two unshared Nobel Prizes.

391. In Ch.24 Sagan quotes a Latin proverb that says where there is doubt there is paralysis.

392. In Ch.24, Sagan suggests that advocacy of science and skepticism necessarily leads to all the political or social conclusions he draws.

393. In Ch.24, Sagan suggests that he advocates science.

394. In Ch.24, Sagan suggests that he advocates skepticism.

395. Based on What Sagan says in Ch.24, Sagan would agree that skeptical thinking or critical thinking is invaluable in politics.

396. In Ch.25 Sagan says real patriots refuse to ask questions.

397. In Ch.25 Sagan says real patriots ask questions.

398. In Ch.25 Sagan quotes Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson, who says "It is the function of our government to keep the citizen from falling into error."

399. In Ch.25, Sagan quotes Supreme Court Justice Black as saying about the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment: “Its first and most immediate purpose rested on the belief that a union of government and religion tends to destroy government and degrade religion.”

400. In Ch.25, Sagan quotes from Clinton Rossiter’s Seedtime of the Republic, 1953, which says: “Under the pressure of the American environment, Christianity grew more humanistic and temperate – more tolerant with the struggle of the sects, more liberal with the growth of optimism and rationalism, more experimental with the rise of science, [and] more individualistic with the advent of democracy.”

401. In Ch.25, Sagan writes: “Rights and freedoms: Use ‘em or lose ‘em.”

402. In Ch.25, Sagan quotes Justice Black in the Supreme Court decision Engel v. Vitale (1962).

403. In Ch.25, Sagan says that Confucius’ chief failing in life is that he never got to try to construct a model state.

404. Sagan was an astronomer at Cornell University.

405. Sagan was an astrologer at Cornell University.

406. Sagan wrote, in our required book by Sagan, that he believes Bigfoot exists.

407. Sagan wrote, in our required book by Sagan, that he believes The Loch Ness Monster exists.

408. Sagan wrote, in our required book by Sagan, that he believes Chupacabra exists.

409. Sagan wrote, in our required book by Sagan, that extraterrestrials piloting UFOs have visited the earth.

410. Sagan literally has the last word in the film In Search of Ancient Astronauts, narrated by Rod Serling, creator of the justly famous TV show from the 1960s, The Twilight Zone.

411. Occam’s Razor is named after William of Occam.

412. “William of Occam” is also spelled “William of Ockham.”

413.William of Occam lived circa 1288 to circa 1348.

414. William of Occam was a Catholic priest.

415. William of Occam was excommunicated (excluded) from The Catholic Church.

416. Occam’s razor requires us to avoid multiplying entities beyond necessity.

417. Occam’s razor requires us to choose the simplest theory, all other things being equal.

418. In Ch.25, Sagan says that Confucius’ chief failing in life is that he never got to try to construct a model state.

419. Confucius rejects the Golden Rule.

420. Confucius died in 479BC.

421. Confucius was from Japan.

422. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, Confucius was ugly and awkward.

423. Confucius said that a family’s love is a greater gift than gold.

424. Confucius abandoned his family.

425. The name of Confucius’s wife is unknown.

426. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, Confucius said that when people are educated, the distinction between classes disappears.

427. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, Confucius thought that education is the meaning of life.

428. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, in Confucius’s school, students from all socioeconomic classes met as equals.

429. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, Confucius said: Anybody can be a superior man; it is only necessary to decide to be one.

430. According to the A&E biography on Confucius we saw in class, a superior man thinks of what is right.

431. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, a superior man demands much of himself.

432. According to the A&E biography on Confucius we saw in class, a small man demands much of others.

433. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, Confucius said poor children should be fed at government expense.

434. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, Confucius said the elderly should be fed at government expense.

435. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, Confucius said women and men should walk on the opposite sides of the street.

436. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, Confucius said an oppressive government is much worse than a man-eating tiger.

437. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, Lao Tse warned Confucius that when you evaluate people critically, you bring danger upon yourself.

438. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, Lao Tse warned Confucius about Confucius’s ability to evaluate people critically.

439. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, Confucius escaped more than one assassination attempt.

440. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, Confucius and his disciples were surrounded by a hostile army until rescued by friendly troops.

441. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, Confucius took comfort in his books.

442. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, Confucius never heard the name ‘Confucius.’

443. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, the son of Confucius was lazy.

444. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, the son of Confucius despised learning.

445. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, Confucius shed few tears over the death of his son.

446. According to the A&E biography we saw in class, only 72 disciples were Confucius’s truly devoted followers.

447. According to the A&E biography on Confucius we saw in class, an inferior man thinks of what is profitable.

448. more questions are coming soon to a computer screen near you; check back here regularly and often to be prepared

449. A sound argument is a valid argument with no false premises.

450. A sound argument is valid with no false premises.

451. A syllogism is an argument with exactly two premises and one conclusion.

452. A syllogism is an argument with exactly one premise and one conclusion.

453. All strong arguments are unsound arguments.

454. All sound arguments are strong arguments.

455. All sound arguments are weak arguments.

456. All valid arguments have at least 1 true premise.

457. All valid arguments have at least 2 true premises.

458. All valid arguments are valid arguments.

459. All valid arguments are sound arguments.

460. All valid arguments are strong arguments.

461. All valid arguments are weak arguments.

462. All valid arguments are invalid arguments.

463. All strong arguments are valid arguments.

464. All strong arguments are invalid arguments.

465. All sound arguments are valid.

466. All sound arguments are invalid.

467. All sound arguments are sound.

468. All sound arguments are unsound.

469. All sound arguments have a true conclusion.

470. All sound arguments have a false conclusion.

471. All sound arguments have a true premise.

472. All sound arguments have a false premise.

473. ‘All S are P’ is an A-claim.

474. All sound arguments are sound arguments.

475. All sound arguments are invalid arguments.

476. All sound arguments are unsound arguments.

477. All sound arguments are valid arguments.

478. ‘No S are P’ is an E-claim.

479. No sound arguments are sound arguments.

480. No sound arguments are unsound arguments.

481. No sound arguments are valid arguments.

482. No strong arguments are sound arguments.

483. No strong arguments are unsound arguments.

484. No strong arguments are valid arguments.

485. No strong arguments are invalid arguments.

486. No sound arguments are invalid arguments.

487. No sound arguments are strong arguments.

488. No sound arguments are weak arguments.

489. No valid arguments are valid arguments.

490. No valid arguments are strong arguments.

491. No valid arguments are weak arguments.

492. No valid arguments are sound arguments.

493. No valid arguments are invalid arguments.

494. Some sound arguments are weak arguments.

495. Some sound arguments are strong arguments.

496. Some sound arguments are not strong arguments.

497. Some sound arguments are not weak arguments.

498. Some valid arguments are valid arguments.

499. Some valid arguments are not valid arguments.

500. Some valid arguments are strong arguments.

501. The following is a) ad hominem, the natural/unnatural fallacy or modus ponens; or b) false dilemma, slippery slope or special pleading: We can recognize that athletes that participate in sports must be given special consideration within our grading system, or we can let the university sink into athletic oblivion.

502. The following is a) appeal to authority; b) appeal to ignorance: Despite endless efforts, no one has been able to prove that God exists; we may just as well stop trying and accept the truth: there is no God.

503. The following is a) hasty generalization or post hoc ergo propter hoc; b) natural/unnatural fallacy or appeal to ignorance: Alicia started gaining more weight than ever when she started taking Slimdown; the stuff must be fattening!

504. The following is a) false dilemma or slippery slope or b) ad populum: No sensible person would support the Equal Rights Amendment. If it were to pass, we would have women in combat and unisex bathrooms. Eventually, we would not even be able to tell the women from the men!

505. The following is: a) ad hominem; b) appeal to authority: How can Clinton be leading this country! He's a draft-dodging, pot-smoking, womanizer!!

506. The following is: a) ad hominem; b) appeal to authority: Michael Jordan wore that brand, so those must to be the best basketball shoes.

507. The following is a) appeal to pity; b) ad hominem: Don't ignore the woman who gave you birth, raised you, loved you then, and loves you still. Remember your mom on Mother's Day.

508. The following is a) ad hominem; b) ad populum: So what if I didn't claim all of the money I earned on my taxes? Lots of people underreport their income.

509. The following is: a) appeal to pity; b) appeal to authority: That's gotta be a great line of clothes. Have you seen the prices and the people endorsing it?

510. In a Venn diagram, universal claims must be diagrammed after particular claims.

511. The middle term is the term that appears on the right in the conclusion.

512. The minor term is the term that appears twice in the premises but not at all in the conclusion.

513. The major term is the term that appears on the left in the conclusion.

514. Every valid argument is sound.

515. ‘Some S are P’ is an I-claim.

516. ‘Some S are not P’ is an O-claim.

517. Every weak argument has some true premises.

518. Every valid argument is sound.

519. Guideline D says you should insist that there are no values or knowledge for you to use in your term paper.

520. Some valid arguments are not strong arguments.